Reported speech: statements

Qachon ishlatiladi

• Eshitgan gapingizni uchinchi odamga yetkazganda

  Aziz said he was going to be a bit late for the meeting.

  Aziz yig'ilishga biroz kechikishini aytdi.

• Shifokor aytganlarini oilangizga qaytarib aytganda

  The doctor told me I had to rest for at least a week.

  Shifokor menga kamida bir hafta dam olishim kerakligini aytdi.

• Ish joyida boshliqning ko'rsatmasini hamkasbingizga yetkazganda

  The manager said the report would be ready on Friday morning.

  Menejer hisobot juma kuni ertalab tayyor bo'lishini aytdi.

• Yangilik yoki mish-mishni suhbatda takrorlaganda

  She told me that they had already sold the house.

  U menga uyni allaqachon sotib yuborishganini aytdi.

To'g'ri va o'zga gap

To'g'ri gapda (direct speech) odamning so'zlari qo'shtirnoq ichida aynan keltiriladi. O'zga gapda (reported speech) esa qo'shtirnoq olib tashlanadi va gap o'zgartirilib beriladi. Bog'lovchi sifatida that ishlatiladi, lekin uni tushirib qoldirish ham mumkin: He said (that) he was busy. O'zga gapda so'roq belgisi va undov belgisi ham yo'qoladi, chunki gap darak gapga aylanadi.

• "I am busy." -> He said he was busy. — "Men bandman" -> U band ekanini aytdi.
• "We live in Osh." -> They said they lived in Osh. — "Biz Oshda yashaymiz" -> Ular Oshda yashashlarini aytishdi.
• "I don't like fish." -> She said she didn't like fish. — "Baliqni yoqtirmayman" -> U baliqni yoqtirmasligini aytdi.
• "It is raining." -> He said it was raining. — "Yomg'ir yog'yapti" -> U yomg'ir yog'ayotganini aytdi.

Zamon siljishi

Asosiy qoida: gapni yetkazuvchi fe'l o'tgan zamonda bo'lsa (said, told), ichkaridagi zamon bir qadam orqaga siljiydi. Present Simple Past Simple ga, Present Continuous Past Continuous ga, Present Perfect va Past Simple Past Perfect ga o'tadi. Modal fe'llar ham o'zgaradi: will would ga, can could ga, may might ga. Past Perfect, would, could, might va should esa o'zgarmaydi - ular allaqachon eng orqada.

• "I will call you." -> She said she would call me. — "Qo'ng'iroq qilaman" -> U qo'ng'iroq qilishini aytdi.
• "I can swim." -> He said he could swim. — "Suza olaman" -> U suza olishini aytdi.
• "I saw him." -> She said she had seen him. — "Uni ko'rdim" -> U uni ko'rganini aytdi.
• "I have finished." -> He said he had finished. — "Tugatdim" -> U tugatganini aytdi.

Olmosh, joy va payt so'zlari

Zamon bilan birga boshqa so'zlar ham o'zgaradi, chunki gapiruvchi va vaqt boshqacha. Olmoshlar mantiqqa qarab almashadi: I he yoki she ga, my his yoki her ga, we they ga. Payt so'zlari orqaga siljiydi: now then, today that day, tomorrow the next day, yesterday the day before, last week the week before. Joy so'zi ham o'zgaradi: here there, this that.

• "I saw him yesterday." -> She said she had seen him the day before. — "Kecha uni ko'rdim" -> U bir kun oldin ko'rganini aytdi.
• "I am busy today." -> He said he was busy that day. — "Bugun bandman" -> U o'sha kuni band ekanini aytdi.
• "We will come tomorrow." -> They said they would come the next day. — "Ertaga kelamiz" -> Ular ertasi kuni kelishlarini aytishdi.
• "I like this book." -> She said she liked that book. — "Bu kitob menga yoqadi" -> U o'sha kitob yoqishini aytdi.

say va tell farqi

say va tell bir xil emas. tell dan keyin doim kimga aytilgani ko'rsatiladi: He told me, she told us. say dan keyin esa kishi to'g'ridan-to'g'ri kelmaydi; agar kerak bo'lsa to qo'shiladi: He said to me. Shuning uchun "He said me" xato, "He told that" ham xato. Bulardan tashqari explain, mention, admit, promise, reply, add kabi fe'llar ham o'zga gapda ishlatiladi.

• He told me that he was late. — U menga kechikkanini aytdi.
• She said that the shop was closed. — U do'kon yopiqligini aytdi.
• He said to me that he needed help. — U menga yordam kerakligini aytdi.
• She explained that the train had been cancelled. — U poyezd bekor qilinganini tushuntirdi.

Zamon siljimaydigan holatlar

Zamonni har doim ham siljitish shart emas. Agar aytilgan gap hozir ham to'g'ri bo'lsa yoki umumiy haqiqat bo'lsa, zamonni o'zgartirmaslik mumkin: He said water boils at 100 degrees. Shuningdek yetkazuvchi fe'l hozirgi zamonda bo'lsa (says, tells, has said), zamon umuman siljimaydi: She says she is tired. Yangiliklar va suhbatda bu juda ko'p uchraydi.

• He said that water boils at 100 degrees. — U suv 100 darajada qaynashini aytdi.
• She says she is coming tonight. — U bugun kechqurun kelayotganini aytyapti.
• The teacher told us the Earth goes round the Sun. — O'qituvchi bizga Yer Quyosh atrofida aylanishini aytdi.
• He has just said he needs more time. — U hozirgina ko'proq vaqt kerakligini aytdi.

Ko'p uchraydigan xatolar

• He said me that he was tired.

  He told me that he was tired.

  say dan keyin kishi to'g'ridan-to'g'ri kelmaydi; kishi bo'lsa tell ishlatiladi.

• She said she will call me.

  She said she would call me.

  Yetkazuvchi fe'l o'tgan zamonda bo'lgani uchun will would ga siljiydi.

• He said that he is busy yesterday.

  He said that he was busy the day before.

  Zamon ham, payt so'zi ham birga siljishi kerak.

• She told that she was happy.

  She said that she was happy.

  tell dan keyin albatta kishi kerak; kishi bo'lmasa say ishlatiladi.

Maslahatlar

• Bir qoidani eslang: said/told ko'rsangiz, ichkaridagi fe'lni bir qadam orqaga suring.
• Past Perfect, would, could, might allaqachon eng orqada - ular boshqa siljimaydi.
• tell doim kishi bilan, say kishisiz - bu farqni ikki misol bilan yodda saqlang.
• Olmoshlarni mexanik emas, mantiqqa qarab o'zgartiring: kim kimga aytyapti?

Mashqlar