Gerund and infinitive

Qachon ishlatiladi

• O'zingiz haqingizda gapirib, qiziqishlaringizni aytganda

  I enjoy cooking at the weekend, but I hate washing up afterwards.

  Dam olish kunlari ovqat pishirishni yoqtiraman, lekin keyin idish yuvishni yomon ko'raman.

• Kelajakdagi rejalaringizni oilangizga aytganda

  We've decided to move to another city next summer.

  Kelasi yozda boshqa shaharga ko'chishga qaror qildik.

• Begona odamdan xushmuomalalik bilan biror narsa so'raganda

  Would you mind waiting here for a few minutes?

  Shu yerda bir necha daqiqa kutib tursangiz maylimi?

• Qabulxonada nima uchun kelganingizni tushuntirganda

  I came to the office to collect my documents.

  Men hujjatlarimni olish uchun ofisga keldim.

Gerund va infinitiv nima

Gerund - fe'lning -ing qo'shimchali, otga o'xshab ishlaydigan shakli: reading, swimming, working. Infinitiv esa to + fe'lning asl shakli: to read, to swim, to work. Ikkalasi ham gapda ot vazifasini bajara oladi, lekin qaysi birini tanlash ko'pincha oldingi fe'lga bog'liq va buni yodlash kerak. Gerund gap boshida ega bo'lib ham kelaveradi: Swimming is good for you.

• Swimming is good for your health. — Suzish sog'liq uchun foydali.
• To be honest, I don't agree. — Rostini aytsam, men rozi emasman.
• I enjoy reading books before bed. — Men uxlashdan oldin kitob o'qishni yoqtiraman.
• She wants to become a doctor. — U shifokor bo'lishni xohlaydi.

V-ing talab qiladigan fe'llar

Quyidagi fe'llardan keyin doim -ing shakli keladi: enjoy, finish, avoid, suggest, mind, practise, keep, imagine, admit, deny, risk, consider, miss. Shuningdek can't help va it's no use iboralaridan keyin ham gerund keladi. Bu ro'yxatni butunligicha yodlash shart emas - ko'p uchraydiganlarini gap ichida eslab qolish samaraliroq.

• She finished writing the report at midnight. — U hisobotni yozishni yarim tunda tugatdi.
• I avoid driving in the city centre. — Men shahar markazida mashina haydashdan qochaman.
• He suggested going to the cinema. — U kinoga borishni taklif qildi.
• Would you mind opening the window? — Derazani ochsangiz maylimi?

to + fe'l talab qiladigan fe'llar

want, decide, hope, plan, promise, learn, need, agree, offer, refuse, manage, afford, expect, seem fe'llaridan keyin to + fe'l keladi. Ba'zilari orasiga kishi qo'shiladi: tell / ask / want / advise + kishi + to V. Shuningdek maqsadni bildirish uchun ham infinitiv ishlatiladi: I went out to buy bread (non sotib olish uchun).

• They decided to move to another city. — Ular boshqa shaharga ko'chishga qaror qilishdi.
• We can't afford to buy a new car. — Yangi mashina olishga qurbimiz yetmaydi.
• She asked me to wait outside. — U mendan tashqarida kutishimni so'radi.
• I went to the shop to buy some bread. — Non sotib olish uchun do'konga bordim.

Predloglardan keyin doim V-ing

Har qanday predlogdan keyin fe'l faqat -ing shaklida keladi: in, on, at, about, of, for, without, after, before, by. Bu qoida istisnosiz ishlaydi. Shuning uchun good at swimming, interested in learning, instead of waiting, thank you for helping deymiz. Alohida diqqat qiling: look forward to va be used to iboralaridagi to ham predlog, shuning uchun ulardan keyin ham -ing keladi.

• He is good at cooking Uzbek food. — U o'zbek taomlarini pishirishda mohir.
• Thank you for helping me yesterday. — Kecha menga yordam berganingiz uchun rahmat.
• She left without saying goodbye. — U xayrlashmasdan ketdi.
• I'm looking forward to seeing you. — Sizni ko'rishni intiqlik bilan kutyapman.

Ma'no o'zgaradigan fe'llar

Ba'zi fe'llardan keyin ikkala shakl ham kelishi mumkin, lekin ma'no butunlay o'zgaradi. stop + V-ing - o'sha ishni butunlay to'xtatmoq; stop + to V - boshqa ish qilish uchun to'xtamoq. remember + V-ing - qilgan ishni eslamoq; remember + to V - qilish kerakligini esdan chiqarmaslik. try + V-ing - sinab ko'rmoq; try + to V - harakat qilmoq. like, love, hate, begin, start, continue dan keyin esa ikkala shakl deyarli bir xil ma'no beradi.

• He stopped smoking two years ago. — U ikki yil oldin chekishni tashladi.
• He stopped to smoke a cigarette. — U sigaret chekish uchun to'xtadi.
• I remember locking the door. — Eshikni qulflaganim esimda.
• Remember to lock the door! — Eshikni qulflashni unutmang!

Ko'p uchraydigan xatolar

• I enjoy to read books.

  I enjoy reading books.

  enjoy fe'lidan keyin faqat -ing shakli keladi.

• She is interested in learn English.

  She is interested in learning English.

  Predlogdan keyin fe'l doim -ing shaklida bo'ladi.

• I want going home.

  I want to go home.

  want fe'lidan keyin to + fe'lning asl shakli keladi.

• I'm looking forward to see you.

  I'm looking forward to seeing you.

  look forward to dagi to - predlog, infinitiv belgisi emas.

Maslahatlar

• Predlog ko'rsangiz, keyingi fe'lni darrov -ing shaklga qo'ying - bu qoida istisnosiz.
• Yangi fe'lni yodlaganda uni butun ibora bilan yozib qo'ying: decide to go, avoid going.
• to dan keyin -ing ko'rsangiz, o'sha to predlogdir: used to noise, look forward to going.
• Maqsadni bildirish uchun doim to + fe'l: I came here to study.

Mashqlar