Modals of probability

Qachon ishlatiladi

• Eshik taqillaganda kim kelganini taxmin qilganda

  That must be the delivery man - I ordered a parcel this morning.

  Bu yetkazib beruvchi bo'lsa kerak - ertalab posilka buyurtma qilgandim.

• Yo'qolgan narsangizni qayerdaligini o'ylab topganda

  Your keys might be in the pocket of your other jacket.

  Kalitlaringiz boshqa kurtkangizning cho'ntagida bo'lishi mumkin.

• Ishonib bo'lmaydigan yangilikni eshitganda

  That can't be true - I spoke to him only an hour ago.

  Bu rost bo'lishi mumkin emas - men u bilan bir soat oldin gaplashdim.

• Do'stingiz nega javob bermayotganini muhokama qilganda

  She may be in a meeting, so let's send her a message instead.

  U yig'ilishda bo'lishi mumkin, shuning uchun unga xabar yuboraylik.

Ishonch shkalasi

Modal fe'llar orqali fikrimizni foizlarda ifodalaganday bo'lamiz. must - taxminan 95 foiz ishonch, mantiqiy xulosa: dalil bor va boshqa izoh yo'q. may, might va could - taxminan 50 foiz, ya'ni bo'lishi ham, bo'lmasligi ham mumkin. can't - ishonchli inkor xulosa, ya'ni bu mutlaqo mumkin emas. Ular orasida might eng ehtiyotkor, could esa biroz ochiqroq ohangda.

• He must be at home - his car is outside. — U uyda bo'lsa kerak - mashinasi tashqarida.
• She might come later, I'm not sure. — U keyinroq kelishi mumkin, aniq bilmayman.
• That can't be true! — Bu rost bo'lishi mumkin emas!
• It could be a mistake in the system. — Bu tizimdagi xato bo'lishi mumkin.

must va can't - mantiqiy xulosa

Bu ikkisi bir-birining qarama-qarshisi. Dalil asosida ijobiy xulosa chiqarsangiz must, salbiy xulosa chiqarsangiz can't ishlatiladi. Diqqat: must ning inkori bu yerda mustn't emas. mustn't butunlay boshqa narsani - taqiqni bildiradi. "You mustn't smoke here" degani "bu yerda chekish mumkin emas (taqiqlangan)", "He can't be serious" esa "u jiddiy bo'lishi mumkin emas (men ishonmayman)".

• The lights are off, so they must be asleep. — Chiroqlar o'chgan, demak ular uxlayotgan bo'lsa kerak.
• You can't be hungry - you have just eaten. — Och bo'lishingiz mumkin emas - hozirgina ovqatlandingiz.
• She speaks perfect French; she must have lived in France. — U frantsuzchada mukammal gapiradi; Fransiyada yashagan bo'lsa kerak.
• You mustn't park here. (taqiq, xulosa emas) — Bu yerga mashina qo'yish mumkin emas.

may, might va could

Bu uchtasi deyarli bir xil ma'noda ishlatiladi - hammasi "bo'lishi mumkin" degani. may biroz rasmiyroq, might so'zlashuvda eng ko'p uchraydi, could esa imkoniyatni ta'kidlaydi. Inkorda esa muhim farq bor: may not va might not "bo'lmasligi mumkin" degani, couldn't esa "mutlaqo mumkin emas" degani, ya'ni can't bilan bir xil kuchda.

• It may rain this evening. — Bugun kechqurun yomg'ir yog'ishi mumkin.
• She might not know about the meeting. — U yig'ilish haqida bilmasligi mumkin.
• The keys could be in your bag. — Kalitlar sumkangizda bo'lishi mumkin.
• He couldn't be the thief - he was with me. — U o'g'ri bo'lishi mumkin emas - u men bilan edi.

Davomli va o'tmish shakllari

Ayni paytda davom etayotgan ish haqida xulosa chiqarish uchun modal + be + V-ing ishlatiladi: He must be working. O'tmishdagi voqea haqida xulosa chiqarish uchun esa modal + have + V3 ishlatiladi: She must have forgotten. Bu shakl B2 darajasida chuqurroq o'rganiladi, lekin uni hozir tanib olish foydali, chunki u kundalik nutqda juda ko'p uchraydi.

• The light is on - he must be working late. — Chiroq yoniq - u kech qolib ishlayotgan bo'lsa kerak.
• She might be sleeping, so don't make noise. — U uxlayotgan bo'lishi mumkin, shovqin qilmang.
• She must have forgotten our meeting. — U uchrashuvimizni unutgan bo'lsa kerak.
• They can't have arrived yet - it's too early. — Ular hali yetib kelgan bo'lishi mumkin emas - juda erta.

Ehtimollik va ruxsat farqi

may, might va could faqat ehtimollikni emas, ruxsatni ham bildiradi - bu ikki ma'noni chalkashtirmaslik kerak. May I come in? - ruxsat so'rash. It may rain - ehtimollik. Farqni gap turidan bilish oson: savol shaklida va birinchi shaxsda kelsa odatda ruxsat, uchinchi shaxs yoki it bilan kelsa ehtimollik. must ham xuddi shunday ikki ma'noli: majburiyat (You must go) va xulosa (You must be tired).

• May I come in? — Kirsam bo'ladimi?
• Could I borrow your pen? — Ruchkangizni olsam bo'ladimi?
• You must finish this today. (majburiyat) — Buni bugun tugatishingiz shart.
• You must be tired after the trip. (xulosa) — Sayohatdan keyin charchagan bo'lsangiz kerak.

Ko'p uchraydigan xatolar

• He mustn't be at home, his car is gone.

  He can't be at home, his car is gone.

  Inkor xulosa uchun mustn't emas, can't ishlatiladi; mustn't taqiqni bildiradi.

• She might to know the answer.

  She might know the answer.

  Modal fe'llardan keyin to qo'yilmaydi.

• He musts be tired.

  He must be tired.

  Modal fe'llar uchinchi shaxsda -s qo'shimchasini olmaydi.

• It must to rain tomorrow.

  It might rain tomorrow.

  Kelajak bashorati aniq emas, shuning uchun must emas might; modaldan keyin to ham kelmaydi.

Maslahatlar

• must va can't juftlik: biri ishonchli ha, ikkinchisi ishonchli yo'q.
• Modal fe'llardan keyin doim fe'lning asl shakli keladi - na to, na -s.
• Ishonchingiz o'rtacha bo'lsa might ni tanlang, u eng xavfsiz variant.
• O'tmish haqida xulosa kerakmi? modal + have + V3 shaklini ishlating.

Mashqlar