Past Perfect

Qachon ishlatiladi

• Sayohat hikoyasini aytib berganda voqealar tartibini aniqlashtirganda

  By the time we reached the airport, the flight had already taken off.

  Biz aeroportga yetib borganimizda, reys allaqachon uchib ketgan edi.

• Ishga yoki darsga kechikkaningiz sababini tushuntirganda

  I was late because the bus had broken down near the bridge.

  Kechikdim, chunki avtobus ko'prik yonida buzilib qolgan edi.

• Do'stingizga ko'rgan filmingiz syujetini gapirib berganda

  When the police finally arrived, the thief had already escaped.

  Politsiya nihoyat yetib kelganda, o'g'ri allaqachon qochib ketgan edi.

• Imtihon inshosida o'tmishdagi voqealarni izchil bayon qilganda

  Before the factory closed, it had employed over two hundred people.

  Zavod yopilishidan oldin u ikki yuzdan ortiq odamni ishga olgan edi.

Yasalishi: had + V3

Past Perfect barcha shaxslar uchun bitta yordamchi fe'l bilan yasaladi: had. Undan keyin fe'lning uchinchi shakli (V3, ya'ni past participle) keladi: gone, seen, written, finished. Inkor shakli had not yoki qisqartma hadn't, so'roq shaklida esa had ega oldiga chiqadi: Had you finished? Qisqa javoblarda ham had takrorlanadi: Yes, I had. / No, I hadn't. Og'zaki nutqda had ko'pincha 'd ga qisqaradi: I'd seen, she'd gone.

• I had finished my work before six. — Men ishimni oltigacha tugatgan edim.
• She hadn't told anyone about the plan. — U rejani hech kimga aytmagan edi.
• Had they left when you called? — Siz qo'ng'iroq qilganingizda ular ketgan edimi?
• We'd already paid for the tickets. — Biz chiptalar uchun allaqachon to'lagan edik.

Ma'nosi: o'tmishdan ham oldinroq

Past Perfect o'z-o'zidan emas, boshqa o'tgan ish bilan birga ishlatiladi. Gapda o'tmishdagi bir nuqta bo'ladi va Past Perfect o'sha nuqtadan oldin sodir bo'lgan ishni bildiradi. O'zbek tilida bu ko'pincha "-gan edi" qo'shimchasi bilan beriladi. Shuning uchun Past Perfect ni ko'rganingizda o'zingizga savol bering: qaysi ish birinchi bo'lgan? Birinchi bo'lgani had + V3 ga tushadi.

• When I arrived, the train had already left. — Men yetib kelganimda poyezd allaqachon jo'nab ketgan edi.
• He was hungry because he hadn't eaten all day. — U och edi, chunki kun bo'yi hech narsa yemagan edi.
• They had never seen such a big city before. — Ular ilgari bunday katta shaharni hech qachon ko'rmagan edilar.
• The room was dirty; nobody had cleaned it for weeks. — Xona iflos edi; haftalar davomida uni hech kim tozalamagan edi.

Past Perfect va Past Simple farqi

Ishlar sodir bo'lgan tartibda, ketma-ket aytilsa, Past Perfect kerak emas: I woke up, had breakfast and went out. Past Perfect faqat tartib buzilganda yoki qaysi ish oldin bo'lganini alohida ta'kidlash kerak bo'lganda ishlatiladi. Quyidagi ikki gapni solishtiring: When she arrived, we had dinner (u kelgach, birga ovqatlandik) va When she arrived, we had had dinner (u kelganda biz allaqachon ovqatlangan edik). Ma'no butunlay boshqacha.

• When the guests arrived, we started the film. — Mehmonlar kelganda filmni boshladik.
• When the guests arrived, the film had started. — Mehmonlar kelganda film boshlanib bo'lgan edi.
• I opened the door and saw the letter. — Eshikni ochdim va xatni ko'rdim.
• I saw the letter that someone had put under the door. — Kimdir eshik tagiga qo'ygan xatni ko'rdim.

Belgi so'zlar: before, after, by the time

Past Perfect ko'pincha before, after, already, just, never, by the time, as soon as so'zlari bilan uchraydi. after va before bog'lovchilari tartibni o'zi ko'rsatib turgani uchun ular bilan ba'zan Past Simple ham ishlatilaveradi: After he finished, he left. Lekin by the time bilan deyarli doim Past Perfect keladi. already, just va never ko'pincha had va V3 orasida turadi: had already gone, had just left.

• By the time we got there, the shop had closed. — Biz yetib borganimizda do'kon yopilgan edi.
• After he had eaten, he went out for a walk. — Ovqatlangach, u sayr qilgani chiqdi.
• She had just gone out when the phone rang. — Telefon jiringlaganda u endigina chiqib ketgan edi.
• I didn't recognise him because I had never met him before. — Men uni tanimadim, chunki ilgari hech qachon uchratmagan edim.

Qayerda ko'p uchraydi

Past Perfect uchta joyda muntazam ishlatiladi. Birinchidan, o'zga gapda: Present Perfect va Past Simple bir qadam orqaga - Past Perfect ga siljiydi ("I saw him" -> He said he had seen him). Ikkinchidan, hikoya va ertaklarda sabab-oqibatni tushuntirish uchun. Uchinchidan, It was the first time ... turidagi iboralarda: It was the first time I had flown. Shuningdek 3-tur shart gaplarning asosi ham Past Perfect dir.

• He said he had lost his passport. — U pasportini yo'qotganini aytdi.
• It was the first time she had travelled alone. — Bu uning birinchi marta yolg'iz sayohat qilishi edi.
• If I had known, I would have helped you. — Bilganimda, sizga yordam bergan bo'lardim.
• The police found the car that the thieves had abandoned. — Politsiya o'g'rilar tashlab ketgan mashinani topdi.

Ko'p uchraydigan xatolar

• When I came, he already left.

  When I came, he had already left.

  Oldinroq bo'lgan ish uchun Past Simple emas, had + V3 kerak.

• I had went home early.

  I had gone home early.

  had dan keyin V2 emas, V3 (past participle) keladi: go - went - gone.

• He has left before I arrived.

  He had left before I arrived.

  Butun vaziyat o'tmishda bo'lgani uchun has emas, had ishlatiladi.

• I had woken up and had made coffee.

  I woke up and made coffee.

  Ishlar ketma-ket sodir bo'lganda Past Perfect kerak emas, Past Simple yetarli.

Maslahatlar

• O'zingizga savol bering: ikkita o'tgan ish bormi? Agar bitta bo'lsa, Past Simple yetarli.
• had barcha shaxslar uchun bir xil - I had, he had, they had. Hech qachon hads bo'lmaydi.
• already, just, never har doim had bilan V3 orasiga tushadi: had already finished.
• Notekis fe'llarning uchinchi ustunini yodlang - Past Perfect butunlay shunga tayanadi.

Mashqlar