Non-defining relative clauses

Qachon ishlatiladi

• Tanishtiruv xatida yoki taqdimotda odamni tavsiflaganda

  Our speaker today is Dr Rasulova, who has published three books on urban planning.

  Bugungi ma'ruzachimiz - shaharsozlik bo'yicha uchta kitob chop etgan doktor Rasulova.

• Sayohat blogi yoki insho yozganda

  We spent two days in Khiva, which is one of the oldest cities in Central Asia.

  Biz Markaziy Osiyodagi eng qadimiy shaharlardan biri bo'lgan Xivada ikki kun bo'ldik.

• Yig'ilish bayonnomasida qaror va uning oqibatini bog'laganda

  The board postponed the vote, which delayed the whole project by a month.

  Kengash ovoz berishni kechiktirdi, bu esa butun loyihani bir oyga surdi.

• Suhbatda voqeaga munosabat bildirganda

  He turned up an hour late, which really annoyed everyone.

  U bir soat kechikib keldi, bu esa hammani juda asabiylashtirdi.

Aniqlovchidan asosiy farqi

Aniqlovchi ergash gap qaysi narsa haqida gapirayotganimizni ko'rsatadi va uni olib tashlab bo'lmaydi. Izohlovchi ergash gap esa faqat qo'shimcha izoh beradi: uni olib tashlasangiz ham gap ma'nosi to'liq qoladi. Shuning uchun u har doim vergul bilan ajratiladi. Bu turdagi gapda that ishlatilmaydi va olmoshni tushirib qoldirib ham bo'lmaydi.

• My brother, who lives in Tashkent, is a doctor. — Toshkentda yashaydigan akam shifokor.
• The book, which I finished last night, was excellent. — Kecha tugatgan kitobim ajoyib edi.
• Samarkand, which is over two thousand years old, attracts many tourists. — Ikki ming yildan ortiq tarixga ega Samarqand ko'plab sayyohlarni jalb qiladi.
• Our new manager, whose family lives in Bukhara, starts on Monday. — Oilasi Buxoroda yashaydigan yangi menejerimiz dushanbadan ishga kirishadi.

Qaysi olmosh qaysi holatda

Odam haqida gapirilganda who, narsa yoki hayvon haqida gapirilganda which ishlatiladi. Egalik uchun whose har ikkala holatda ham keladi. Joy uchun where, vaqt uchun when qo'llanadi. To'ldiruvchi vazifasida whom rasmiy uslubda uchraydi, lekin kundalik tilda uning o'rniga who ishlatilaveradi.

• Dr Karimov, who wrote this article, will speak at the conference. — Bu maqolani yozgan doktor Karimov konferensiyada so'zga chiqadi.
• The old factory, which closed in 2010, is now a museum. — 2010-yilda yopilgan eski zavod hozir muzey.
• We stayed in Khiva, where my grandmother was born. — Biz buvim tug'ilgan Xivada qoldik.
• The project started in 2019, when the company was still very small. — Loyiha kompaniya hali juda kichik bo'lgan 2019-yilda boshlangan.
• Mr Usmonov, whom we met at the trade fair, has sent us a proposal. — Savdo yarmarkasida uchrashgan janob Usmonov bizga taklif yubordi.

which butun fikrga ishora qilganda

Izohlovchi gapda which faqat bitta otga emas, oldingi butun gapga ham ishora qilishi mumkin. Bunda u odatda gapning oxirida keladi va sizning bahoyingizni bildiradi. Bu qurilma juda ko'p ishlatiladi va nutqni tabiiy qiladi. Bunday holatda what ishlatish xato bo'ladi.

• He passed the exam, which surprised everyone. — U imtihondan o'tdi va bu hammani hayratda qoldirdi.
• She arrived two hours late, which made the whole team angry. — U ikki soat kechikib keldi, bu esa butun jamoani g'azablantirdi.
• The flight was cancelled, which meant we had to stay another night. — Reys bekor qilindi, bu esa yana bir kecha qolishimizni anglatardi.
• They offered me the job, which I had not expected at all. — Ular menga ishni taklif qilishdi, buni men umuman kutmagandim.

Miqdor iboralari bilan: some of whom, most of which

Rasmiy uslubda izohlovchi gap miqdor iborasi bilan boshlanishi mumkin: all of whom, some of which, many of whom, none of which. Bunda odam uchun whom, narsa uchun which ishlatiladi va them yoki they emas. Bu tuzilish hisobot, maqola va ilmiy matnlarda uchraydi hamda ikkita alohida gapni bitta silliq jumlaga birlashtiradi.

• The company employs 300 people, most of whom work remotely. — Kompaniyada 300 nafar xodim ishlaydi, ularning aksariyati masofadan ishlaydi.
• He gave me three books, none of which I have read. — U menga uchta kitob berdi, ularning birortasini ham o'qimadim.
• We interviewed twelve candidates, two of whom were excellent. — Biz o'n ikki nomzod bilan suhbatlashdik, ulardan ikkitasi juda kuchli edi.

Uslub: yozma va og'zaki nutq

Izohlovchi ergash gaplar ko'proq yozma nutqqa xos: maqola, hisobot va rasmiy xatda ular ma'lumotni ixcham qilib beradi. Og'zaki nutqda esa odamlar ko'pincha ikkita alohida gap aytishadi: My brother is a doctor. He lives in Tashkent. Yozma ishda esa ikki gapni birlashtirish uslubni yaxshilaydi. Nutqda bu gaplar ovoz pauzasi bilan ajratiladi - bu vergulning eshitiladigan ko'rinishi.

• The new policy, which was announced yesterday, affects all departments. — Kecha e'lon qilingan yangi siyosat barcha bo'limlarga taalluqli.
• Our head office, which moved last year, is now near the railway station. — O'tgan yili ko'chgan bosh ofisimiz endi temir yo'l vokzali yaqinida.
• Aziz, who joined us in March, has already led two projects. — Martda bizga qo'shilgan Aziz allaqachon ikkita loyihaga rahbarlik qildi.

Ko'p uchraydigan xatolar

• My father, that is 60, still works.

  My father, who is 60, still works.

  Izohlovchi gapda that ishlatilmaydi - odam uchun who, narsa uchun which.

• He passed the exam, what surprised everyone.

  He passed the exam, which surprised everyone.

  Butun fikrga ishora qilganda what emas, which ishlatiladi.

• The book which I read last night was excellent, it was a gift.

  The book, which I read last night, was excellent.

  Izohlovchi gap ikki tomondan vergul bilan ajratiladi.

• My sister, I met yesterday, lives in Nukus.

  My sister, who I met yesterday, lives in Nukus.

  Izohlovchi gapda olmosh hech qachon tushirib qoldirilmaydi.

Maslahatlar

• Atoqli otdan keyin deyarli doim izohlovchi gap keladi: Ali, who is my friend, ...
• Gapni olib tashlab ko'ring: ma'no saqlansa, demak vergul kerak.
• which butun fikrga ishora qilishi mumkin, who esa faqat odamga.
• Rasmiy matnda some of whom, most of which kabi iboralardan foydalaning.

Mashqlar