Linking words: although / despite / however

Bog'lovchilar: although, despite, however

Qarama-qarshi fikrlarni bog'lash uchun turli so'zlar ishlatiladi, lekin ularning har biri o'zidan keyin boshqa-boshqa tuzilish talab qiladi.

although + gap · despite / in spite of + ot yoki V-ing · however + , + gap

Qachon ishlatiladi

IELTS Writing Task 2 da qarama-qarshi fikrni bog'laganda
Although online learning is cheaper, it cannot fully replace face-to-face teaching.
Onlayn ta'lim arzonroq bo'lsa-da, u jonli darsni to'liq almashtira olmaydi.
Rasmiy hisobotda kamchilik va ustunlikni birga ko'rsatganda
Sales rose in the first quarter. However, costs increased even faster.
Birinchi chorakda savdo o'sdi. Biroq xarajatlar undan ham tez ko'tarildi.
Suhbatda fikrni xushmuomala rad etganda
Despite your point about the budget, I still think we should wait.
Byudjet haqidagi fikringizga qaramay, menimcha, biz kutishimiz kerak.
Mahsulot yoki xizmat sharhini yozganda
The hotel was clean and quiet. Nevertheless, the location was inconvenient.
Mehmonxona toza va tinch edi. Shunga qaramay, joylashuvi noqulay edi.

Uchta guruh, uchta tuzilish

Qarama-qarshilik bildiruvchi so'zlar uch guruhga bo'linadi. Birinchi guruh bog'lovchilar: although, though, even though, while - ulardan keyin to'liq gap keladi. Ikkinchi guruh predloglar: despite, in spite of - ulardan keyin ot yoki V-ing keladi. Uchinchi guruh ravishlar: however, nevertheless, nonetheless - ular yangi gapni boshlaydi va vergul bilan ajratiladi. Ma'no barchasida bir xil, farq faqat tuzilishda.

Although it was raining heavily, we went out. — Yomg'ir kuchli yog'ayotgan bo'lsa-da, biz chiqdik.
Despite the heavy rain, we went out. — Kuchli yomg'irga qaramay, biz chiqdik.
It was raining heavily. However, we went out. — Yomg'ir kuchli yog'ayotgandi. Shunga qaramay, biz chiqdik.
In spite of being exhausted, he kept working until midnight. — Holdan toyganiga qaramay, u yarim tungacha ishlashda davom etdi.

So'z	Keyin nima keladi	Namuna
although / though / even though	To'liq gap (ega + fe'l)	Although he was tired, he finished.
despite / in spite of	Ot yoki V-ing	Despite his tiredness, he finished.
despite the fact that	To'liq gap	Despite the fact that he was tired, he finished.
however / nevertheless	Yangi gap, vergul bilan	He was tired. However, he finished.
but / yet	Gapning ikkinchi qismi	He was tired, but he finished.
while / whereas	Ikki fikrni qiyoslash	He is calm, whereas she is nervous.

although va despite ni almashtirish

Imtihonlarda eng ko'p so'raladigan topshiriq - bitta gapni ikkinchi tuzilishga aylantirish. Although he was ill degan gapni despite bilan yozmoqchi bo'lsangiz, fe'lni otga yoki V-ing ga aylantirish kerak: Despite his illness yoki Despite being ill. Agar ikkala qismning egasi har xil bo'lsa, V-ing ishlatib bo'lmaydi va despite the fact that qo'llanadi. Bu qoidani yodda tutsangiz, xatolar ancha kamayadi.

Although he was ill, he came to work. - Despite being ill, he came to work. — Kasal bo'lsa-da ishga keldi. - Kasal bo'lganiga qaramay ishga keldi.
Although the traffic was bad, we arrived on time. - Despite the bad traffic, we arrived on time. — Tirbandlik yomon bo'lsa-da, o'z vaqtida yetib keldik.
Despite the fact that prices had risen, sales increased. — Narxlar ko'tarilganiga qaramay, savdo o'sdi.
Even though I had studied for weeks, I failed the test. — Haftalab tayyorlanganim bo'lsa-da, testdan yiqildim.

Ravishlar: however, therefore, moreover

Ravish bog'lovchilar ikkita alohida gapni ma'no jihatdan bog'laydi. Ular nuqtadan yoki nuqtali vergul dan keyin keladi va o'zidan keyin vergul oladi. however qarama-qarshilik, therefore natija, moreover va furthermore qo'shimcha fikr, on the other hand esa boshqa tomonni bildiradi. Bu so'zlar akademik va rasmiy yozuvga xos, suhbatda esa but va so afzal ko'riladi.

The plan looked promising. However, it failed within a year. — Reja istiqbolli ko'rinardi. Biroq u bir yil ichida barbod bo'ldi.
He was seriously ill. Therefore, he stayed at home for a month. — U jiddiy kasal edi. Shuning uchun bir oy uyda qoldi.
The software is cheap. Moreover, it is very easy to use. — Dastur arzon. Bundan tashqari, undan foydalanish juda oson.
Public transport is slow; on the other hand, it is much cheaper. — Jamoat transporti sekin; boshqa tomondan, u ancha arzon.

Boshqa muhim bog'lovchilar

while va whereas ikki fikrni qiyoslash uchun ishlatiladi va ular qarama-qarshilikni yumshoq ko'rsatadi. though gap oxirida ham kelishi mumkin va bu norasmiy nutqqa xos: It was expensive, though. yet bog'lovchisi but ga yaqin, lekin rasmiyroq va kuchliroq. nevertheless esa however ning rasmiy varianti hisoblanadi.

My sister loves classical music, whereas I prefer jazz. — Singlim klassik musiqani yaxshi ko'radi, men esa jazni afzal ko'raman.
The hotel was nice. It was very expensive, though. — Mehmonxona yaxshi edi. Lekin juda qimmat edi.
The evidence was weak, yet the court accepted it. — Dalil kuchsiz edi, shunga qaramay sud uni qabul qildi.
The results were disappointing. Nevertheless, the team continued. — Natijalar ko'ngildagidek emasdi. Shunga qaramay, jamoa davom etdi.

Uslub: insho va rasmiy yozuv

B2 darajadagi inshoda bog'lovchilarni to'g'ri ishlatish bahoning katta qismini tashkil etadi. Bitta abzatsda bir xil so'zni takrorlamang: although, despite va however ni almashtirib ishlating. Ravish bog'lovchilarni har bir gapga qo'yish ham yaxshi emas - matn sun'iy chiqadi. Og'zaki imtihonda esa but, so va anyway kabi oddiy so'zlar tabiiyroq eshitiladi.

Although online courses are convenient, they lack personal contact. — Onlayn kurslar qulay bo'lsa-da, ularda shaxsiy muloqot yetishmaydi.
Despite its high cost, the project was approved by the board. — Yuqori narxiga qaramay, loyiha kengash tomonidan tasdiqlandi.
Many people prefer to work from home. However, not every job allows it. — Ko'pchilik uydan ishlashni afzal ko'radi. Biroq har bir ish bunga imkon bermaydi.

Ko'p uchraydigan xatolar

Despite of the rain, we went out.
Despite the rain, we went out.
despite of degan ibora yo'q: yo despite, yo in spite of.
Although the bad weather, the match continued.
Although the weather was bad, the match continued.
although dan keyin to'liq gap kerak, faqat ot emas.
However he was tired, he finished the work.
Although he was tired, he finished the work.
however gapni bog'lamaydi - u alohida gap boshida vergul bilan keladi.
Despite he was ill, he came to work.
Despite being ill, he came to work.
despite dan keyin ega + fe'l kelmaydi, V-ing yoki ot keladi.

Maslahatlar

Oddiy tekshiruv: keyin gap bo'lsa although, ot bo'lsa despite.
despite of yozmang - bu eng ko'p uchraydigan xato.
however dan keyin doim vergul qo'yiladi: However, it failed.
To'liq gap bilan despite ishlatish kerak bo'lsa, despite the fact that qo'llang.

discourse-markers advanced-conjunctions relative-clauses-non-defining

Mashqlar

___ the bad weather, the match continued.

___ he was tired, he finished the work.

In spite ___ the traffic, we arrived on time.

The room was small. ___ , it was very comfortable.

Despite ___ hard for weeks, he didn't pass.

It was very expensive. ___ , we decided to buy it.

___ the fact that prices had risen, sales increased.

My brother likes football, ___ I prefer tennis.

He was ill. ___ , he stayed at home for a week.

The evidence was weak, ___ the court accepted it.

___ though I had studied for weeks, I failed the test.

The software is cheap. ___ , it is very easy to use.