Participle clauses

Qachon ishlatiladi

• Akademik inshoda ikki fikrni bitta ixcham gapga bog'laganda

  Having established the baseline, the researchers turned to the control group.

  Boshlang'ich ko'rsatkichni aniqlagach, tadqiqotchilar nazorat guruhiga o'tishdi.

• Yangiliklar xabarida voqea va uning oqibatini bir gapda berganda

  The bridge collapsed during the floods, leaving thousands without access to the city.

  Ko'prik toshqin paytida qulab tushdi va minglab odam shaharga bora olmay qoldi.

• CV yoki motivatsion xatda tajribani ixcham bayon qilganda

  Having worked in three different markets, I am used to adapting to new regulations.

  Uchta turli bozorda ishlaganim uchun yangi qoidalarga moslashishga o'rganganman.

• Texnik qo'llanma yoki xavfsizlik ko'rsatmasida shartni qisqa yozganda

  Stored correctly, the vaccine remains effective for up to twelve months.

  To'g'ri saqlansa, vaksina o'n ikki oygacha samarali qoladi.

• Adabiy matnda sahnani tasvirlaganda

  Standing at the window, she watched the last train disappear into the fog.

  Deraza oldida turib, u oxirgi poyezdning tumanga singib ketishini kuzatdi.

Asosiy shakllar va ularning nisbati

Sifatdosh oborotining uch asosiy shakli bor. V-ing aniq nisbatni bildiradi: yashirin ega harakatni o'zi bajaradi. V3 (past participle) majhul nisbatni bildiradi: harakat ega ustida bajariladi. Having + V3 esa asosiy gapdagi harakatdan oldin tugagan ishni ko'rsatadi, uning majhul varianti Having been + V3. Oborotning yashirin egasi har doim asosiy gapning egasi bilan bir xil bo'lishi shart - bu qoidani buzish ingliz tilidagi eng ko'p uchraydigan uslubiy xato.

• Walking through the old quarter, the journalist noticed how little had changed. — Eski shahar bo'ylab ketayotib, jurnalist juda kam narsa o'zgarganini payqadi.
• Written in 1920 and banned a year later, the novel circulated in secret. — 1920-yilda yozilib, bir yildan keyin taqiqlangan roman yashirincha tarqalgan.
• Having reviewed the evidence, the panel reached a unanimous decision. — Dalillarni ko'rib chiqqach, komissiya bir ovozdan qarorga keldi.
• Having been warned twice, the driver still ignored the signal. — Ikki marta ogohlantirilgan bo'lishiga qaramay, haydovchi signalga e'tibor bermadi.

Vaqt munosabatini to'g'ri ko'rsatish

V-ing shakli ikki harakat deyarli bir vaqtda yoki ketma-ket zich sodir bo'lganini bildiradi: Opening the letter, she recognised the handwriting. Agar birinchi harakat tugab, keyin ikkinchisi boshlangan bo'lsa va bu farq muhim bo'lsa, Having + V3 aniqroq: Having read the report, he called a meeting. Ikki harakat orasida sabab aloqasi bo'lsa ham Having shakli ma'noni ravshan qiladi. Qisqa, tabiiy ketma-ketlikda esa oddiy V-ing yetarli.

• Opening the envelope, she recognised her father's handwriting. — Konvertni ochar ekan, otasining qo'l yozuvini tanidi.
• Having spent a decade in the archives, the historian published her findings. — Arxivlarda o'n yil o'tkazgach, tarixchi o'z xulosalarini nashr etdi.
• Having been rejected by three journals, the paper finally appeared in Nature. — Uchta jurnal tomonidan rad etilgach, maqola nihoyat Nature da chiqdi.
• Turning to the audience, the speaker paused for effect. — Tinglovchilarga yuzlangancha, notiq ta'sir uchun bir zum to'xtadi.

Qanday ma'nolarni bildiradi: sabab, shart, natija

Sifatdosh oboroti bog'lovchini tushirib qoldirgani uchun uning aniq ma'nosi kontekstdan chiqariladi. U sabab (Being short of funds, the project stalled), vaqt (Arriving early, we took a walk), shart (Handled carefully, the device is safe) va natija (The currency fell, triggering a wave of panic selling) ma'nolarini bildirishi mumkin. Natija ma'nosida oborot gapdan keyin, vergul bilan keladi va odatda resulting in, leading to, causing, triggering fe'llari bilan yasaladi. Bu qolip ilmiy va iqtisodiy tahlilda juda keng tarqalgan.

• Faced with mounting criticism, the agency withdrew the guidance. — Kuchayib borayotgan tanqidga duch kelgan idora ko'rsatmani qaytarib oldi.
• Demand collapsed in March, triggering a wave of redundancies. — Martda talab keskin tushdi va bu ishdan bo'shatishlar to'lqinini keltirib chiqardi.
• Handled carelessly, the samples can be contaminated within minutes. — Ehtiyotsiz ishlatilsa, namunalar bir necha daqiqada ifloslanishi mumkin.
• Not knowing the local regulations, the firm applied the wrong standard. — Mahalliy qoidalarni bilmagani uchun firma noto'g'ri standartni qo'lladi.

Otni aniqlovchi qisqargan nisbiy gaplar

Sifatdosh oboroti nisbiy gapni ham qisqartiradi. Aniq nisbatda who / which + fe'l o'rniga V-ing qoladi: the delegates who were waiting = the delegates waiting. Majhul nisbatda who / which + be tushib, V3 qoladi: the documents that were submitted = the documents submitted. Bu qisqartirish faqat aniqlovchi (defining) nisbiy gaplarda erkin ishlaydi va matnni sezilarli darajada ixchamlashtiradi. Akademik maqolalarda deyarli har paragrafda uchraydi.

• The delegates waiting in the lobby were asked to move to room B. — Vestibyulda kutib turgan delegatlardan B xonasiga o'tish so'raldi.
• All applications submitted after the deadline will be disregarded. — Muddatdan keyin topshirilgan barcha arizalar hisobga olinmaydi.
• Countries relying heavily on a single export are the most vulnerable. — Yagona eksportga qattiq tayanadigan davlatlar eng zaif hisoblanadi.
• The theory proposed by Kahneman reshaped behavioural economics. — Kahneman ilgari surgan nazariya xulq-atvor iqtisodiyotini qayta shakllantirdi.

Bog'lovchi bilan, mustaqil oborot va with-qolipi

Ma'noni aniqroq qilish uchun oborot oldiga bog'lovchi qo'yish mumkin: when, while, before, after, since, despite, without, on. Bunda fe'l V-ing shaklida qoladi: Before signing the contract, read every clause. Mustaqil (absolute) oborotda yashirin ega asosiy gapnikidan farq qiladi va shuning uchun ochiq yoziladi: The weather being mild, the harvest began early. With + ot + sifatdosh qolipi ham shunga yaqin: With inflation rising, the bank raised rates. Bu ikki qolip rasmiy va adabiy uslubga xos.

• Before signing the contract, read every clause carefully. — Shartnomani imzolashdan oldin har bir bandni diqqat bilan o'qing.
• Despite having been informed of the risks, the patient signed the consent form. — Xavflar haqida xabardor qilingan bo'lsa-da, bemor rozilik hujjatini imzoladi.
• The weather being unusually mild, the harvest began two weeks early. — Havo g'ayrioddiy iliq bo'lgani uchun hosil ikki hafta erta yig'ib olindi.
• With the deadline approaching, the team worked through the night. — Muddat yaqinlashgani sababli jamoa tun bo'yi ishladi.

Osilib qolgan sifatdosh va uslub chegaralari

Eng jiddiy xato - dangling participle, ya'ni oborotning yashirin egasi asosiy gapning egasi bilan mos kelmasligi. Walking down the street, the trees looked beautiful gapida daraxtlar ko'chada yurgan bo'lib chiqadi. Yechim ikki xil: yo asosiy gapning egasini almashtiring, yo to'liq ergash gap yozing. Bundan tashqari, bir gapda ikki-uch oborotni ketma-ket tizish matnni tushunarsiz qiladi; og'zaki nutqda esa bu uslub deyarli ishlatilmaydi - u yerda and yoki because bilan oddiy gap tabiiyroq.

• Wrong: Walking down the street, the trees looked beautiful. — Xato: Ko'chada yurar ekan, daraxtlar chiroyli ko'rinardi.
• Right: Walking down the street, I thought the trees looked beautiful. — To'g'ri: Ko'chada yurar ekanman, daraxtlar menga chiroyli ko'rindi.
• Spoken English prefers: I was walking down the street and the trees looked beautiful. — Og'zaki nutqda afzal: Men ko'chada yurardim va daraxtlar chiroyli ko'rinardi.
• Academic style: Analysed together, the two data sets reveal a clear pattern. — Akademik uslub: Birga tahlil qilinganda, ikki ma'lumotlar to'plami aniq qonuniyatni ochadi.

Ko'p uchraydigan xatolar

• Walking down the street, the trees looked beautiful.

  Walking down the street, I noticed how beautiful the trees were.

  Oborotning egasi asosiy gapning egasi bilan bir xil bo'lishi shart; aks holda daraxtlar ko'chada yurgan bo'lib chiqadi.

• Having finished the work, the report was submitted immediately.

  Having finished the work, she submitted the report immediately.

  Having + V3 oborotining egasi jonli bajaruvchi bo'lishi kerak; majhul asosiy gap bilan birga u osilib qoladi.

• Being written in 1920, the book is still popular.

  Written in 1920, the book is still popular.

  Doimiy xususiyat yoki sana bildirilganda Being ortiqcha; Being + V3 faqat sabab ma'nosi kuchli bo'lgandagina ishlatiladi.

• After leave the office, he called me.

  After leaving the office, he called me.

  Bog'lovchidan keyin fe'l V-ing shaklida bo'ladi, asl shaklda emas.

Maslahatlar

• Oborotni yozgach, o'zingizga savol bering: bu harakatni kim bajaryapti? Javob asosiy gapning egasi bo'lmasa, gapni qayta tuzing.
• Aniq yoki majhulligini tekshirish oson: ega harakatni o'zi qilsa V-ing, ega ustida qilinsa V3.
• Egalar boshqa bo'lsa, oborotni tashlamang - mustaqil oborot yozing: The weather being fine, we set off.
• Og'zaki nutqda va norasmiy xatda sifatdosh oborotini kamroq ishlating; u yerda because, after, and bilan tuzilgan oddiy gap tabiiyroq.

Mashqlar