Defining relative clauses
Aniqlovchi ergash gaplar: who, which, that
Aniqlovchi ergash gap otni aniqlab, aynan qaysi odam yoki narsa haqida gapirayotganimizni ko'rsatadi va vergul bilan ajratilmaydi.
Qachon ishlatiladi
Olomon ichidan aniq bir odamni ko'rsatganda
The woman who is wearing the red coat is my manager.
Qizil palto kiygan ayol mening menejerim.
Do'konda sizga qaysi mahsulot kerakligini tushuntirganda
I'm looking for the charger that came with this laptop.
Men shu noutbuk bilan birga kelgan quvvatlagichni qidiryapman.
Rezyume yoki motivatsion xatda ish tajribangizni tasvirlaganda
I worked for a company which exports dried fruit to Europe.
Men Yevropaga quritilgan meva eksport qiladigan kompaniyada ishlaganman.
Telefonda kimgadir yo'l ko'rsatganda
Turn left at the building where the new bank is.
Yangi bank joylashgan bino oldidan chapga buriling.
Vazifasi: qaysi biri?
Aniqlovchi ergash gap otga qo'shilib, uni boshqa shunga o'xshash narsalardan ajratib beradi. "The man is a doctor" degan gapda qaysi odam haqida gapirayotganimiz noaniq. "The man who lives next door is a doctor" desak, aniq bo'ladi. Shuning uchun bu ergash gapni tashlab yuborib bo'lmaydi - usiz gapning ma'nosi yo'qoladi. Aynan shu sababdan u vergul bilan ajratilmaydi.
- The man who lives next door is a doctor. — Qo'shnimizda yashaydigan odam shifokor.
- I liked the book that you gave me. — Siz bergan kitob menga yoqdi.
- Do you know the girl who is talking to Aziz? — Aziz bilan gaplashayotgan qizni bilasizmi?
- The restaurant which opened last week is very good. — O'tgan hafta ochilgan restoran juda yaxshi.
Qaysi olmoshni tanlash
who odamlar uchun, which narsa va hayvonlar uchun ishlatiladi. that esa ikkalasining ham o'rnida kelaveradi va so'zlashuv tilida eng ko'p uchraydigan variant. whose egalikni bildiradi va odam ham, narsa ham bilan ishlatiladi. where joy uchun, when esa vaqt uchun keladi. Quyidagi jadvalda hammasi yig'ilgan.
- That's the woman whose car was stolen. — Mana shu ayolning mashinasi o'g'irlangan edi.
- This is the house where I was born. — Bu men tug'ilgan uy.
- I'll never forget the day when we met. — Biz uchrashgan kunni hech qachon unutmayman.
- The dog that bit him belongs to our neighbour. — Uni tishlagan it qo'shnimizniki.
| Olmosh | Nimani bildiradi | Namuna |
|---|---|---|
| who | odam | the doctor who helped me |
| which | narsa, hayvon | the film which won the prize |
| that | odam yoki narsa | the man that called / the book that I read |
| whose | egalik | the girl whose father is a pilot |
| where | joy | the city where I grew up |
| when | vaqt | the year when he was born |
Olmoshni tushirib qoldirish
Aniqlovchi ergash gapda olmoshni tushirib qoldirish mumkin, lekin faqat bitta shartda: agar olmosh ergash gapning to'ldiruvchisi bo'lsa. Buni tekshirish oson - olmoshdan keyin darrov ega (I, she, we, my friend kabi) kelsa, olmoshni olib tashlash mumkin. Agar olmoshdan keyin darrov fe'l kelsa, u ega vazifasida va uni tushirib bo'lmaydi. whose hech qachon tushirilmaydi.
- The film (that) we watched was great. — Biz ko'rgan film zo'r edi.
- The girl (who) you met is my cousin. — Siz uchrashgan qiz mening jiyanim.
- The man who called you is waiting outside. (tushirib bo'lmaydi) — Sizga qo'ng'iroq qilgan odam tashqarida kutyapti.
- I lost the keys (which) I bought yesterday. — Kecha sotib olgan kalitlarimni yo'qotdim.
| Olmoshdan keyin nima keladi | Vazifasi | Tushirish mumkinmi |
|---|---|---|
| Fe'l (who lives, that broke) | Ega | Yo'q |
| Ega (that I saw, who you met) | To'ldiruvchi | Ha |
| Ot (whose father) | Egalik | Yo'q |
Aniqlovchi va izohlovchi ergash gap
Ikki xil ergash gap bor. Aniqlovchi (defining) gap otni aniqlaydi, vergulsiz yoziladi va unda that ishlatilishi mumkin. Izohlovchi (non-defining) gap esa allaqachon aniq bo'lgan ot haqida qo'shimcha ma'lumot beradi, vergul bilan ajratiladi va unda that ishlatilmaydi. Farqni ko'ring: "My brother who lives in Paris is a doctor" (bir nechta akam bor) va "My brother, who lives in Paris, is a doctor" (yolg'iz akam bor).
- The students who failed must retake the exam. (faqat yiqilganlar) — Yiqilgan talabalar imtihonni qayta topshirishi kerak.
- The students, who failed, must retake the exam. (hammasi yiqilgan) — Talabalar, ular yiqilishdi, imtihonni qayta topshirishi kerak.
- My sister who lives in Nukus is a teacher. — Nukusda yashaydigan opam o'qituvchi.
- My sister, who lives in Nukus, is a teacher. — Opam, u Nukusda yashaydi, o'qituvchi.
Predloglar bilan
Ergash gapda predlog bo'lsa, so'zlashuv tilida u gap oxirida qoladi: the man who I spoke to. Rasmiy yozuvda esa predlog olmosh oldiga chiqadi va bunda that emas, whom yoki which kerak bo'ladi: the man to whom I spoke. B1 darajasida oddiy variantni ishlatavering, lekin rasmiy matnlarda ikkinchisini tanib olish foydali.
- That's the person I told you about. — Men sizga aytgan odam mana shu.
- This is the company I work for. — Men ishlaydigan kompaniya shu.
- The man to whom I spoke was very helpful. — Men gaplashgan odam juda yordam berdi.
- The chair on which he sat was broken. — U o'tirgan stul singan edi.
Ko'p uchraydigan xatolar
The book which I bought it was cheap.
The book which I bought was cheap.
Olmosh allaqachon to'ldiruvchi vazifasini bajaryapti, shuning uchun it ortiqcha.
The woman which helped me was kind.
The woman who helped me was kind.
Odamlar uchun which emas, who yoki that ishlatiladi.
The man lives next door is a doctor.
The man who lives next door is a doctor.
Olmosh ega vazifasida bo'lganda uni tushirib qoldirib bo'lmaydi.
This is the house where I was born in.
This is the house where I was born.
where o'zida in ma'nosini saqlaydi, ikkinchi predlog ortiqcha.
Maslahatlar
- Tekshirish usuli: olmoshdan keyin fe'l kelsa - ega, tushirib bo'lmaydi; ega kelsa - to'ldiruvchi, tushirish mumkin.
- Vergul bo'lsa that ishlatilmaydi - that faqat aniqlovchi gaplarda yashaydi.
- where = in/at which, shuning uchun uning yonida yana predlog kerak emas.
- Ergash gap doim o'zi tavsiflayotgan otdan keyin darrov turadi.
Mashqlar
The woman ___ helped me was very kind.
This is the phone ___ I bought yesterday.
That's the restaurant ___ we had dinner last night.
The students ___ study hard will pass.
I know a girl ___ father is a pilot.
The car ___ he drives is very old.
The film ___ we watched last night was boring.
I'll never forget the day ___ we first met.
In which sentence can the pronoun be left out? The man ___ .
My father, ___ works in Nukus, is coming tomorrow.
That's the woman ___ bag was stolen at the station.
This is the company ___ .