Past Perfect Continuous

Qachon ishlatiladi

• Hikoya yoki sarguzashtni aytib berganda

  We had been driving through the desert for six hours before we saw a single house.

  Bitta uyni ko'rgunimizcha biz olti soat cho'l bo'ylab yurgan edik.

• Ish hisobotida muammoning sababini tushuntirganda

  The server crashed because it had been running without maintenance for months.

  Server ishdan chiqdi, chunki oylar davomida texnik xizmatsiz ishlab kelgan edi.

• Kechikkaningizni yoki charchaganingizni tushuntirganda

  Sorry I look terrible - I had been working on the presentation all night.

  Kechirasiz, ahvolim yomon ko'rinadi - tun bo'yi taqdimot ustida ishlagandim.

• Sport sharhida o'yinchining holatini izohlaganda

  He had been playing with an injury for weeks before the doctors stopped him.

  Shifokorlar to'xtatgunga qadar u haftalab jarohat bilan o'ynab kelgan edi.

Yasalishi va asosiy ma'nosi

Bu zamon had been + V-ing shaklida yasaladi va barcha shaxslar uchun bir xil bo'ladi. U o'tmishdagi biror voqeadan oldin boshlangan va o'sha voqeagacha davom etgan jarayonni ko'rsatadi. Odatda gapda ikkita vaqt nuqtasi bo'ladi: jarayon va uni to'xtatgan yoki uzgan voqea. Inkor shakli hadn't been + V-ing, savol shakli Had you been + V-ing.

• I had been waiting for an hour when he finally arrived. — U nihoyat kelganda men bir soatdan beri kutayotgan edim.
• She was exhausted because she had been working all day. — U holdan toygan edi, chunki kun bo'yi ishlagan edi.
• They had been living in Almaty for ten years before they moved here. — Bu yerga ko'chishdan oldin ular Olmaotada o'n yil yashagan edi.
• Had you been studying long before you took the test? — Testdan oldin uzoq vaqt tayyorlangan edingizmi?

Sabab va natijani bog'lash

Bu zamonning eng keng tarqalgan vazifasi - o'tmishdagi holatning sababini tushuntirish. Ko'rinib turgan natija Past Simple bilan, uning sababi esa Past Perfect Continuous bilan beriladi. Bunday gaplarda ko'pincha because bog'lovchisi ishlatiladi. Natija odatda charchoq, ho'llik, asabiylik kabi ko'zga tashlanadigan holat bo'ladi.

• The streets were wet because it had been raining all night. — Ko'chalar ho'l edi, chunki tun bo'yi yomg'ir yog'gan edi.
• His eyes were red - he had been staring at the screen for hours. — Ko'zlari qizarib ketgandi - u soatlab ekranga tikilgan edi.
• She was out of breath because she had been running. — U hansirayotgandi, chunki yugurgan edi.
• They were angry because they had been waiting since eight o'clock. — Ular jahli chiqqandi, chunki soat sakkizdan beri kutishayotgan edi.

Past Perfect bilan farqi

Past Perfect natijani va tugallanganlikni ta'kidlaydi, Past Perfect Continuous esa jarayonni va qancha vaqt davom etganini ko'rsatadi. He had written three letters degan gapda nechta xat tayyor bo'lgani muhim. He had been writing letters all morning degan gapda esa jarayonning uzunligi muhim. Aniq son yoki miqdor bo'lsa, deyarli doim Past Perfect ishlatiladi.

• He had written three reports before lunch. — Tushlikdan oldin u uchta hisobot yozgan edi.
• He had been writing reports all morning. — U butun ertalab hisobot yozgan edi.
• We had painted the whole flat by Sunday. — Yakshanbagacha butun kvartirani bo'yab bo'lgandik.
• We had been painting the flat for three days when the rain started. — Yomg'ir boshlanganda biz uch kundan beri kvartirani bo'yayotgan edik.

for va since bilan ishlatish

Davomiylikni aniq ko'rsatish uchun for va since ishlatiladi. for muddatni bildiradi: for two hours, for ten years. since esa boshlanish nuqtasini bildiradi: since morning, since 2010. Bu ikki ibora bu zamon bilan juda tez-tez keladi va imtihonda to'g'ri javobni topishga yordam beradi. Shuningdek all day, all morning kabi iboralar ham ko'p uchraydi.

• By the time the manager came, we had been sitting there for two hours. — Menejer kelganida biz u yerda ikki soatdan beri o'tirgan edik.
• He had been teaching at that school since 2010 when it closed. — Maktab yopilganda u o'sha yerda 2010-yildan beri dars berayotgan edi.
• The team had been preparing for the launch all week. — Jamoa butun hafta davomida taqdimotga tayyorlangan edi.

Cheklovlar va uslub

Holat bildiruvchi fe'llar bilan bu zamon ishlatilmaydi: know, believe, own, belong, understand fe'llari V-ing shakliga o'tmaydi. Ular bilan Past Perfect qo'llanadi: I had known him for years. Uslub jihatidan bu zamon hikoya va hisobotlarda ko'p uchraydi, chunki u voqea fonini tushuntiradi. Suhbatda ham ishlatiladi, lekin ko'pincha qisqartma bilan: I'd been waiting.

• I had known the family for years before I met their son. — Ularning o'g'li bilan tanishishimdan oldin oilani yillar davomida bilardim.
• I'd been thinking about the offer for days before I said yes. — Rozi bo'lishimdan oldin taklif haqida kunlar davomida o'ylagandim.
• The company had been losing money long before the crisis began. — Inqiroz boshlanishidan ancha oldin kompaniya zarar ko'rayotgan edi.

Ko'p uchraydigan xatolar

• I was waiting for an hour when he arrived.

  I had been waiting for an hour when he arrived.

  Voqeagacha davom etgan jarayon uchun had been + V-ing kerak.

• She had been knowing him for years.

  She had known him for years.

  Holat fe'llari davomli shaklga o'tmaydi.

• They had been finished the work before we came.

  They had finished the work before we came.

  had been dan keyin V-ing keladi, V3 emas.

• He had been writing three letters that morning.

  He had written three letters that morning.

  Aniq son ko'rsatilganda natijaga urg'u beriladi, shuning uchun Past Perfect.

Maslahatlar

• Formula oddiy: had been + V-ing, barcha shaxslarda bir xil.
• for va since bu zamonning eng ishonchli belgilari.
• Sababni tushuntirayotganingizni sezsangiz, bu zamon deyarli har doim to'g'ri keladi.
• Aniq miqdor yoki son bo'lsa, Past Perfect ni tanlang.

Mashqlar