Past Simple
O'tgan oddiy zamon
O'tmishda boshlanib, o'tmishda tugagan harakatlar uchun ishlatiladi. Vaqt ko'pincha aniq aytiladi: kecha, o'tgan hafta, 2019-yilda.
Qachon ishlatiladi
Kecha nima qilganingizni do'stingizga aytib berganda
I finished work at six and went straight home.
Ishni oltida tugatdim va to'g'ri uyga ketdim.
Ish intervyusida oldingi tajribangizni sanaganda
I worked as a shop assistant for two years and then left.
Ikki yil sotuvchi bo'lib ishladim, keyin ishdan ketdim.
Ta'tilingiz haqida hikoya qilganda (IELTS Speaking Part 2)
Last summer we went to Samarkand and visited the Registan.
O'tgan yozda Samarqandga bordik va Registonni ko'rdik.
Nima bo'lganini shifokorga tushuntirganda
I fell down the stairs and hurt my arm yesterday.
Kecha zinadan yiqildim va qo'limni jarohatladim.
Maktabda hikoya-insho yozganda
The boy opened the door and saw a small cat.
Bola eshikni ochdi va kichkina mushukni ko'rdi.
Qoidali fe'llar va -ed qo'shimchasi
Ko'pchilik fe'llarga -ed qo'shiladi: work - worked, watch - watched. Fe'l -e bilan tugasa faqat -d qo'shiladi: live - lived. Undoshdan keyin -y kelsa, -y tushib -ied bo'ladi: study - studied, lekin play - played (chunki -y oldidan unli bor). Qisqa fe'lda bitta unli va bitta undosh bo'lsa, oxirgi undosh takrorlanadi: stop - stopped, plan - planned. Shakl barcha shaxslar uchun bir xil: I worked, he worked, they worked.
- I visited my grandmother last Sunday. — O'tgan yakshanba buvimnikiga bordim.
- We watched a good film yesterday. — Kecha yaxshi film ko'rdik.
- She studied all night before the exam. — U imtihondan oldin tun bo'yi o'qidi.
- The bus stopped in front of the school. — Avtobus maktab oldida to'xtadi.
| Qoida | Asl shakl | O'tgan zamon |
|---|---|---|
| odatda -ed | work | worked |
| -e bilan tugasa -d | live | lived |
| undosh + y | study | studied |
| unli + y | play | played |
| qisqa fe'l, undosh ikkilanadi | stop | stopped |
Qoidasiz fe'llar
Ingliz tilidagi eng ko'p ishlatiladigan fe'llar qoidasiz. Ular -ed olmaydi, balki butunlay yangi shaklga o'tadi va yod olinadi. Masalan go - went, see - saw, buy - bought, take - took. Bu shakl fe'lning ikkinchi shakli (V2) deb ataladi. Har kuni bir nechtasini yodlab borish eng oson yo'l.
- He went to London in 2019. — U 2019-yilda Londonga bordi.
- I saw your brother at the station. — Akangizni bekatda ko'rdim.
- They bought a new house last year. — Ular o'tgan yili yangi uy sotib olishdi.
- She made a delicious cake. — U mazali tort tayyorladi.
| Asl shakl | O'tgan zamon (V2) | Ma'nosi |
|---|---|---|
| go | went | bormoq |
| see | saw | ko'rmoq |
| buy | bought | sotib olmoq |
| take | took | olmoq |
| write | wrote | yozmoq |
| eat | ate | yemoq |
Inkor va so'roq: did va didn't
Inkor va so'roqda did yordamchi fe'li ishlatiladi. Eng muhim qoida shu: did paydo bo'lgach, asosiy fe'l asl shakliga qaytadi. Shuning uchun He didn't go to'g'ri, He didn't went esa xato. So'roqda did egadan oldin turadi: Did you finish? Qisqa javob: Yes, I did. / No, I didn't.
- I didn't see him yesterday. — Kecha uni ko'rmadim.
- Did you finish your homework? — Uy vazifangizni tugatdingizmi?
- She didn't like the food. — Unga ovqat yoqmadi.
- Where did they go after the party? — Ular bazmdan keyin qayerga borishdi?
-ed qanday o'qiladi
-ed qo'shimchasi uch xil o'qiladi va buni bilish talaffuzni ancha yaxshilaydi. Jarangsiz tovushdan keyin /t/ kabi o'qiladi: worked, watched. Jarangli tovush yoki unlidan keyin /d/ bo'ladi: played, lived. Fe'l -t yoki -d bilan tugasa, qo'shimcha alohida bo'g'in bo'lib /id/ o'qiladi: wanted, needed. Shu uchinchi holatdagina so'z bir bo'g'inga uzayadi.
- I worked from nine to six. — Soat to'qqizdan oltigacha ishladim.
- They played in the garden. — Ular bog'da o'ynashdi.
- We wanted to help you. — Sizga yordam bermoqchi edik.
- He decided to stay at home. — U uyda qolishga qaror qildi.
| Talaffuz | Qachon | Misol |
|---|---|---|
| /t/ | jarangsiz tovushdan keyin | worked, watched, helped |
| /d/ | jarangli tovush va unlidan keyin | played, lived, opened |
| /id/ | -t yoki -d dan keyin | wanted, needed, started |
Vaqt iboralari va hikoya qilish
Past Simple ko'pincha aniq o'tgan vaqt bilan keladi: yesterday, last night, last week, three days ago, in 2015, when I was a child. Voqeani ketma-ket hikoya qilganda ham shu zamon ishlatiladi: I got up, had breakfast and went to work. Vaqt ifodasi gap boshida ham, oxirida ham kelishi mumkin.
- Last night I went to bed very late. — Kecha kechasi juda kech yotdim.
- We moved to this city three years ago. — Bu shaharga uch yil oldin ko'chib keldik.
- She opened the door and looked outside. — U eshikni ochdi va tashqariga qaradi.
- When I was a child, I lived in a village. — Bolaligimda qishloqda yashaganman.
Ko'p uchraydigan xatolar
He didn't went home.
He didn't go home.
didn't allaqachon o'tgan zamonni ko'rsatadi, shuning uchun asosiy fe'l asl shaklida qoladi.
Did you saw the film?
Did you see the film?
did bilan birga ikkinchi shakl ishlatilmaydi.
I goed to the shop.
I went to the shop.
go qoidasiz fe'l, unga -ed qo'shilmaydi.
Yesterday I was go to school.
Yesterday I went to school.
was va asosiy fe'l birga ishlatilmaydi; faqat went yetarli.
Maslahatlar
- Barcha shaxslar uchun bitta shakl: I worked, she worked, they worked - -s qo'shilmaydi.
- did ishlatilgan joyda fe'l asl shaklda: Did you go? Did she come?
- Qoidasiz fe'llarni kichik guruhlarga bo'lib yodlang: go-went, see-saw, take-took.
- Belgi so'zlar: yesterday, last night, ago, in 2015, when I was a child.
Mashqlar
We ___ a film last night.
She ___ to the market yesterday.
We ___ watch TV last night.
___ you call me yesterday?
They ___ a new house last year.
He didn't ___ the answer.
I ___ English for two hours last night.
The bus ___ in front of our house.
We ___ dinner at eight o'clock.
What time ___ the film start?
She ___ me about the problem, so I didn't know.
They ___ the letter and sent it yesterday.