Modals in the past

Qachon ishlatiladi

• Nima bo'lganini do'stlar bilan taxmin qilib muhokama qilganda

  She isn't answering - she must have left her phone at home.

  U javob bermayapti - telefonini uyda qoldirgan bo'lsa kerak.

• Yig'ilishda xatoni yumshoq tanqid qilganda

  We should have checked the figures before sending the report to the client.

  Hisobotni mijozga yuborishdan oldin raqamlarni tekshirishimiz kerak edi.

• Uzr so'raganda va o'zingizni ayblaganda

  I'm sorry - I shouldn't have raised my voice in front of the team.

  Kechirasiz - jamoa oldida ovozimni ko'tarmasligim kerak edi.

• Tergov yoki texnik tekshiruv matnida versiyalarni bayon qilganda

  The failure may have been caused by a faulty sensor.

  Nosozlik ishdan chiqqan datchik tufayli yuzaga kelgan bo'lishi mumkin.

Umumiy tuzilish

O'tmishga oid modal gaplar bitta qolipga bo'ysunadi: modal + have + V3. Modal fe'l hech qachon o'zgarmaydi, have ham har doim asl shaklida qoladi. Ma'noni aynan modal belgilaydi: must ishonch, might ehtimol, should tanqid bildiradi. Inkor shakli modal va have orasiga not qo'yish bilan yasaladi: shouldn't have, might not have.

• He must have forgotten about the meeting. — U yig'ilishni unutgan bo'lsa kerak.
• You should have told me earlier. — Menga oldinroq aytishing kerak edi.
• They can't have finished the whole project already. — Ular butun loyihani allaqachon tugatgan bo'lishi mumkin emas.
• She might not have received the email. — U xatni olmagan bo'lishi ham mumkin.

Xulosa chiqarish: must have va can't have

Dalilga asoslanib ishonchli xulosa chiqarganda must have + V3 ishlatiladi. Uning teskari ma'nosi mustn't have emas, balki can't have yoki couldn't have bo'ladi. Bu juda muhim nuqta, chunki o'zbek tilidan to'g'ridan-to'g'ri tarjima qilganda xato kelib chiqadi. Ishonch darajasi pastroq bo'lsa, might have yoki could have ishlatiladi.

• The ground is wet. It must have rained last night. — Yer ho'l. Kechasi yomg'ir yoqqan bo'lsa kerak.
• She can't have gone home - her coat is still here. — U uyga ketgan bo'lishi mumkin emas - paltosi hali shu yerda.
• They couldn't have known about the change in the schedule. — Ular jadvaldagi o'zgarishni bilgan bo'lishlari mumkin emas.
• He may have taken the wrong train. — U noto'g'ri poyezdga chiqqan bo'lishi mumkin.

Afsus va tanqid: should have

should have + V3 bajarilishi kerak bo'lgan, lekin bajarilmagan ishni bildiradi. shouldn't have + V3 esa bajarilmasligi kerak bo'lgan, lekin bajarilgan ishni bildiradi. Bu shakl o'zingizga nisbatan afsus, boshqa odamga nisbatan esa tanqid ma'nosini beradi. Shuning uchun uni ehtiyotkorlik bilan ishlatish kerak, ayniqsa ish muhitida. ought to have + V3 ham xuddi shu ma'noni beradi, lekin kamroq uchraydi.

• I shouldn't have said that in front of everyone. — Buni hammaning oldida aytmasligim kerak edi.
• You should have checked the figures before sending the report. — Hisobotni yuborishdan oldin raqamlarni tekshirishing kerak edi.
• We ought to have booked a table. — Stol band qilishimiz kerak edi.
• They shouldn't have promised something they could not deliver. — Ular bajara olmaydigan narsani va'da qilmasliklari kerak edi.

Imkoniyat va keraksiz ish: could have, needn't have

could have + V3 o'tmishda imkoniyat bo'lgani, lekin undan foydalanilmaganini bildiradi. needn't have + V3 esa ish bajarilgan, lekin kerak bo'lmaganini bildiradi. Bu ikkinchisini didn't need to bilan aralashtirmaslik kerak: didn't need to degani ish umuman bajarilmagan degani. Bu nozik farq imtihonlarda ko'p so'raladi.

• We could have won the match if the referee had been fair. — Hakam adolatli bo'lganida o'yinda g'alaba qozonishimiz mumkin edi.
• You needn't have waited - the meeting was cancelled. — Kutishingiz shart emas edi - yig'ilish bekor qilingandi.
• I didn't need to buy bread because there was some at home. — Non sotib olishim shart emas edi, chunki uyda bor edi.
• He could have helped us, but he just watched. — U bizga yordam berishi mumkin edi, lekin shunchaki tomosha qildi.

Talaffuz, yozuv va uslub

Nutqda must have, should have va could have qisqaradi: must've, should've, could've. Talaffuzda ular of ga o'xshab eshitiladi, shuning uchun ko'pchilik should of deb noto'g'ri yozadi - bu jiddiy xato. Yozma ishda to'liq shakl ishlatiladi. Uslub jihatidan bu tuzilishlar tahlil va bahsda qo'l keladi: hisobot yozayotganda nima sodir bo'lgani haqida ehtiyotkor xulosa chiqarish imkonini beradi.

• The data must have been entered incorrectly. — Ma'lumotlar noto'g'ri kiritilgan bo'lsa kerak.
• The delay may have been caused by a technical fault. — Kechikish texnik nosozlik tufayli yuzaga kelgan bo'lishi mumkin.
• I must've left my keys at the office. — Kalitlarimni ofisda qoldirgan bo'lsam kerak.

Ko'p uchraydigan xatolar

• I should of called you yesterday.

  I should have called you yesterday.

  Qisqartma should've of ga o'xshab eshitiladi, lekin doim have deb yoziladi.

• He mustn't have seen us.

  He can't have seen us.

  must have ning inkor xulosasi can't have yoki couldn't have bo'ladi.

• You needn't have to wait.

  You needn't have waited.

  needn't have dan keyin to'g'ridan-to'g'ri V3 keladi.

• She must have went home early.

  She must have gone home early.

  have dan keyin V2 emas, V3 shakli ishlatiladi.

Maslahatlar

• Barcha shakllar bitta qolipga tushadi: modal + have + V3.
• Ishonchli inkor xulosa uchun can't have, mustn't have emas.
• needn't have - ish qilindi, lekin kerak emas edi; didn't need to - ish qilinmadi.
• Yozma ishda have ni hech qachon of deb yozmang.

Mashqlar