Discourse markers

Qachon ishlatiladi

• IELTS Writing Task 2 da dalilga yana bir dalil qo'shganda

  Furthermore, remote work significantly reduces commuting costs for employees.

  Bundan tashqari, masofaviy ish xodimlarning yo'l xarajatlarini sezilarli kamaytiradi.

• Ilmiy maqolaning muhokama qismida cheklovni tan olib, xulosani saqlab qolganda

  The sample was small; nevertheless, the pattern was consistent across all sites.

  Namuna kichik edi; shunga qaramay, qonuniyat barcha maydonchalarda bir xil kuzatildi.

• Ish elektron xatida qaror va uning sababini bayon qilganda

  The supplier missed two deadlines. Consequently, we have decided to retender.

  Yetkazib beruvchi ikki marta muddatni o'tkazib yubordi. Natijada tanlovni qayta o'tkazishga qaror qildik.

• Rasmiy taqdimotning oxirida xulosaga o'tganda

  To sum up, the benefits outweigh the costs in all but one scenario.

  Xulosa qilib aytganda, bitta stsenariydan tashqari hamma holatda foyda xarajatdan ustun.

• Og'zaki suhbatda chekinishdan keyin asosiy mavzuga qaytganda

  Anyway, what did they actually say about the budget?

  Xullas, byudjet haqida aslida nima deyishdi?

Marker va bog'lovchi: grammatik farq

however, therefore, nevertheless, moreover kabi so'zlar bog'lovchi emas, ravish (conjunctive adverb) hisoblanadi. Ular ikki gapni bir gapga birlashtira olmaydi: ular yo yangi gapni boshlaydi, yo nuqtali verguldan keyin keladi. but, although, because, while esa haqiqiy bog'lovchi bo'lgani uchun ikki bo'lakni bitta gapda ulaydi. Shuning uchun He was tired, however he continued yozuvi xato: to'g'risi He was tired; however, he continued yoki ... tired. However, he continued. Bu farqni bilish C1 yozuvida darhol ko'zga tashlanadi.

• The trial was halted; however, the data had already been collected. — Sinov to'xtatildi; biroq ma'lumotlar allaqachon yig'ilgan edi.
• Although the trial was halted, the data had already been collected. — Sinov to'xtatilgan bo'lsa-da, ma'lumotlar allaqachon yig'ilgan edi.
• Funding was cut. Consequently, two departments were merged. — Moliyalashtirish qisqardi. Natijada ikki bo'lim birlashtirildi.
• The method is cheap but, nonetheless, remarkably accurate. — Usul arzon, shunga qaramay, ajablanarli darajada aniq.

Vazifasi bo'yicha guruhlar

Markerlarni ma'nosiga ko'ra emas, vazifasiga ko'ra o'rganish samaraliroq: qo'shimcha, qarama-qarshilik, natija, misol, aniqlashtirish, tartib va xulosa. Har bir guruh ichida rasmiylik darajasi har xil: furthermore akademik, besides esa og'zaki va biroz mudofaaviy ohangga ega. Shuning uchun insho yozayotganda guruhni to'g'ri tanlash yetarli emas - registrni ham moslash kerak. Eng xavfsiz yo'l: bitta matnda bir guruhdan ikki xil markerni almashtirib ishlatish, takrorlamaslik.

• The scheme is expensive. What is more, it has produced no measurable benefit. — Bu dastur qimmat. Bundan ham yomoni, u hech qanday o'lchanadigan foyda bermadi.
• Several species are at risk: namely, the snow leopard and the saiga antelope. — Bir nechta tur xavf ostida: xususan, qor qoploni va sayg'oq.
• The sample was small; hence, the findings should be treated with caution. — Namuna kichik edi; shu sababli natijalarga ehtiyotkorlik bilan yondashish kerak.
• All in all, the experiment confirmed the hypothesis, though questions remain. — Umuman olganda, tajriba farazni tasdiqladi, biroq savollar qolmoqda.

Joylashuvi va tinish belgilari

Ko'pchilik marker gap boshida keladi va vergul bilan ajratiladi: However, the results differ. Lekin ularni gap o'rtasiga yoki oxiriga ham qo'yish mumkin va bu uslubni ravonroq qiladi: The results, however, differ. Gap o'rtasida marker ikki tomondan vergul bilan o'raladi. though esa gap oxirida ham kela oladi va bu og'zaki nutqqa xos: It was expensive, though. Nuqtali vergul ikki mustaqil gapni bog'laganda markerdan oldin qo'yiladi, markerdan keyin esa vergul qoladi.

• The results, however, differ substantially from earlier studies. — Biroq natijalar oldingi tadqiqotlardan sezilarli farq qiladi.
• The cost is high; therefore, the plan was shelved. — Xarajat yuqori; shu sababli reja javonga qo'yildi.
• It was a risky decision. It paid off, though. — Bu xavfli qaror edi. Shunga qaramay, u o'zini oqladi.
• Both models, in other words, rest on the same assumption. — Boshqacha aytganda, ikkala model ham bir xil taxminga asoslanadi.

Og'zaki nutq markerlari

Suhbatda markerlar boshqa vazifani bajaradi: ular gapni boshlash, mavzuni o'zgartirish, o'zini tuzatish yoki tinglovchi bilan aloqani ushlab turish uchun kerak. well javobdan oldin o'ylash vaqtini beradi, actually kutilmagan yoki tuzatuvchi ma'lumotni kiritadi, anyway mavzuni yopadi yoki asosiy mavzuga qaytaradi, mind you esa oldin aytilganga kutilmagan izoh qo'shadi. Bu markerlar yozma akademik matnga mos kelmaydi, lekin ularni tushunmaslik tabiiy nutqni anglashni qiyinlashtiradi.

• Well, I suppose it depends on what you mean by fair. — Ha endi, bu adolat deganda nimani nazarda tutayotganingizga bog'liq.
• Actually, the figure is closer to twenty per cent. — Aslida, raqam yigirma foizga yaqinroq.
• Anyway, as I was saying, the deadline has not changed. — Xullas, aytganimdek, muddat o'zgargani yo'q.
• It was a dull lecture. Mind you, the slides were excellent. — Ma'ruza zerikarli edi. Rostini aytganda, slaydlar ajoyib edi.

Nozik farqlar va ortiqcha ishlatish

Ba'zi juftliklar bir-biriga o'xshaydi, lekin almashtirib bo'lmaydi. on the contrary oldingi fikrni rad etadi (He is not lazy. On the contrary, he works harder than anyone), on the other hand esa ikki tomonni qiyoslaydi. besides o'z fikrini mustahkamlovchi qo'shimcha dalil kiritadi va biroz norasmiy, moreover esa neytral-rasmiy. in fact ham tasdiqlash, ham tuzatish uchun ishlatiladi. Eng keng tarqalgan uslubiy xato - har gapni marker bilan boshlash: matn zanjir emas, sanoq ro'yxatiga o'xshab qoladi. Yaxshi yozuvda bog'lanish ko'proq so'z tanlovi va takrorlanuvchi tushunchalar orqali quriladi.

• He is not lazy. On the contrary, he works harder than anyone here. — U dangasa emas. Aksincha, u bu yerdagilarning hammasidan ko'proq ishlaydi.
• The flat is small. On the other hand, the location is excellent. — Kvartira kichik. Ikkinchi tomondan esa joylashuvi a'lo.
• I cannot come; besides, I was not really invited. — Men kela olmayman; qolaversa, meni unchalik taklif ham qilishmagan.
• The claim is not exaggerated; in fact, it is rather cautious. — Bu da'vo bo'rttirilgan emas; aslida, u ancha ehtiyotkor.

Ko'p uchraydigan xatolar

• He was tired, however he continued working.

  He was tired; however, he continued working.

  however bog'lovchi emas, ravish - u ikki gapni vergul bilan ulay olmaydi. Bog'lovchi kerak bo'lsa but ishlatiladi.

• However the weather was bad, we went out.

  Although the weather was bad, we went out.

  Imtiyoz ergash gapini faqat although / though / even though boshlaydi; However bu vazifani bajara olmaydi.

• The film was long. On the contrary, it was interesting.

  The film was long. On the other hand, it was interesting.

  on the contrary oldingi da'voni rad etadi; bu yerda esa ikki tomon qiyoslanyapti, shuning uchun on the other hand kerak.

• In the other hand, the costs are lower.

  On the other hand, the costs are lower.

  Bu barqaror ibora faqat on predlogi bilan ishlatiladi va hand so'zi birlikda qoladi.

Maslahatlar

• Gap boshidagi markerdan keyin vergul qo'ying, gap o'rtasida esa ikki tomondan vergul bilan o'rang.
• Bitta paragrafda bir xil markerni takrorlamang; o'rniga shu guruhdagi boshqa variantni tanlang.
• Akademik matnda besides, anyway, actually, by the way kabi og'zaki markerlardan voz keching.
• Har gapni marker bilan boshlash kerak emas - agar mantiqiy aloqa o'z-o'zidan ravshan bo'lsa, markersiz yozgan tabiiyroq.

Mashqlar