Some / any, much / many

Qachon ishlatiladi

• Do'konga borishdan oldin xarid ro'yxatini tuzganda

  We need some bread, some milk and some eggs.

  Bizga non, sut va tuxum kerak.

• Uyda mehmonni kutib olganda

  Would you like some tea or some cake?

  Choy yoki tort olasizmi?

• Kafeda taomnoma haqida so'raganda

  Have you got any vegetarian dishes?

  Vegetarian taomlaringiz bormi?

• Sayohatda pul almashtirish kerak bo'lganda

  I don't have any cash. Is there a bank near here?

  Menda naqd pul yo'q. Yaqinda bank bormi?

Sanaladigan va sanalmaydigan otlar

Miqdor so'zini to'g'ri tanlash uchun avval otni aniqlash kerak. Sanaladigan otlarni sanash mumkin va ular ko'plik shakliga ega: book - books, apple - apples. Sanalmaydigan otlarni sanab bo'lmaydi va ular doim birlikda turadi: water, money, time, bread, information. O'zbek tilida bu farq sezilmaydi, shuning uchun ro'yxatni yod olish kerak.

• I have three apples. — Menda uchta olma bor.
• There is a lot of water in the bottle. — Shishada ko'p suv bor.
• We need some information. — Bizga ma'lumot kerak.

some va any

some tasdiq gaplarda ishlatiladi: I have some questions. any esa inkor va so'roq gaplarda: I don't have any questions. Do you have any questions? Ikkalasi ham sanaladigan ko'plik otlar bilan ham, sanalmaydigan otlar bilan ham ishlaydi. O'zbekchaga "bir nechta", "biroz" deb tarjima qilinadi, ba'zan esa umuman tarjima qilinmaydi.

• I have some questions. — Menda bir nechta savol bor.
• There isn't any sugar left. — Shakar qolmagan.
• Are there any eggs in the fridge? — Muzlatkichda tuxum bormi?
• She bought some bread. — U non sotib oldi.

Taklif va iltimosda some

Muhim istisno bor: taklif va iltimos bildirilgan so'roq gaplarda any emas, some ishlatiladi. Masalan: Would you like some tea? yoki Can I have some water, please? Bu yerda savol haqiqiy savol emas, balki muloyim taklif hisoblanadi. Shuning uchun some ishlatish tabiiyroq eshitiladi.

• Would you like some tea? — Choy ichasizmi?
• Can I have some water, please? — Menga suv bersangiz bo'ladimi?
• Would you like some more rice? — Yana guruch olasizmi?

much va many

many sanaladigan ko'plik otlar bilan ishlatiladi: many books, many people. much esa sanalmaydigan otlar bilan: much water, much time. Ikkalasi ham asosan inkor va so'roq gaplarda uchraydi. Tasdiq gaplarda esa odatda a lot of ishlatiladi, chunki much va many rasmiyroq eshitiladi.

• How many people came? — Necha kishi keldi?
• I don't have much time. — Mening vaqtim ko'p emas.
• She has a lot of friends. — Uning ko'p do'stlari bor.
• There isn't much milk left. — Sut ko'p qolmagan.

a lot of - eng xavfsiz variant

a lot of ham sanaladigan, ham sanalmaydigan otlar bilan ishlaydi va tasdiq gaplarda eng tabiiy eshitiladi. Shuning uchun shubhalansangiz shuni ishlating: a lot of books, a lot of money. Og'zaki nutqda lots of shakli ham keng tarqalgan va ma'nosi bir xil.

• There are a lot of cars in the street. — Ko'chada ko'p mashina bor.
• He spends a lot of money. — U ko'p pul sarflaydi.
• We have lots of time. — Bizda ko'p vaqt bor.

Ko'p uchraydigan xatolar

• I don't have some money.

  I don't have any money.

  Inkor gapda some emas, any ishlatiladi.

• How much books do you have?

  How many books do you have?

  books sanaladigan ot, shuning uchun many.

• I have many informations.

  I have a lot of information.

  information sanalmaydi, ko'plik shakli yo'q va many bilan kelmaydi.

• Would you like any coffee?

  Would you like some coffee?

  Taklif bildirgan savolda some ishlatiladi.

Maslahatlar

• Sanalmaydigan otlar: water, money, time, bread, information - ular ko'plik shaklga ega emas.
• a lot of ham sanaladigan, ham sanalmaydigan otlar bilan ishlaydi - shubhalansangiz shuni ishlating.
• much va many asosan inkor va so'roq gaplarda uchraydi.
• Taklif va iltimos savollarida any emas, some ishlating.

Mashqlar