Present Perfect vs Past Simple

Qachon ishlatiladi

• Yangi tanishga tajribangizni aytib, keyin tafsilotga o'tganda

  I have been to Dubai. I went there in 2022 with my family.

  Dubayda bo'lganman. U yerga 2022-yilda oilam bilan borgandim.

• Ish intervyusida tajriba va aniq sanani aytganda

  I have worked in three companies. I joined the last one in 2021.

  Uchta kompaniyada ishlaganman. Oxirgisiga 2021-yilda kelganman.

• Do'stingizga yangilikni yetkazganda

  They have bought a new house - they bought it last month.

  Ular yangi uy sotib olishibdi, o'tgan oyda olishgan ekan.

• Bugungi va kechagi ishlarni hisobot qilganda

  I haven't called the client today, but I called him yesterday.

  Bugun mijozga qo'ng'iroq qilmadim, lekin kecha qilgandim.

• Imtihonda kitob yoki film haqida gapirganda

  I have read that book twice. I read it first at school.

  U kitobni ikki marta o'qiganman. Birinchi marta maktabda o'qigandim.

Asosiy farq

Past Simple o'tmishdagi tugagan vaqtga bog'lanadi: voqea qachon bo'lgani ma'lum va u bilan aloqa tugagan. Present Perfect esa vaqtni emas, hozirgi natijani ta'kidlaydi. I lost my keys yesterday - kecha yo'qotdim, balki topgandirman. I have lost my keys - hozir ham kalitlarim yo'q. Shuning uchun bitta voqeani ikki xil zamonda aytish mumkin, ma'no esa o'zgaradi.

• I lost my keys yesterday. — Kecha kalitlarimni yo'qotdim - vaqt aniq.
• I have lost my keys. — Kalitlarimni yo'qotdim - hozir topa olmayapman.
• He went to Paris in 2018. — U 2018-yilda Parijga bordi.
• He has been to Paris. — U Parijda bo'lgan - qachonligi muhim emas.

Belgi so'zlarga qarab tanlash

Eng oson yo'l - gapdagi vaqt so'ziga qarash. yesterday, last week, last year, two days ago, in 2010, when I was a child, this morning (tugagan bo'lsa) - bular Past Simple bilan keladi. just, already, yet, ever, never, so far, recently, for, since - bular Present Perfect bilan ishlatiladi. today, this week, this year esa vaqt hali tugamagani uchun Present Perfect bilan ham kelishi mumkin.

• We finished the project last week. — Loyihani o'tgan hafta tugatdik.
• We have just finished the project. — Loyihani endigina tugatdik.
• Did you call him yesterday? — Kecha unga qo'ng'iroq qildingizmi?
• Have you called him yet? — Unga qo'ng'iroq qildingizmi hali?

Suhbatdagi odatiy tartib

Kundalik suhbatda odam avval Present Perfect bilan umumiy xabar beradi, keyin tafsilotlarga o'tib Past Simple ishlatadi. Masalan: I have been to Istanbul. I went there last spring and stayed for a week. Birinchi gap tajriba haqida, qolganlari esa aniq voqealar haqida. Shu tartibni bilish so'zlashuvda juda yordam beradi.

• I have been to Istanbul. I went there last spring. — Men Istanbulda bo'lganman. O'tgan bahor borgandim.
• Have you seen this film? - Yes, I saw it on Monday. — Bu filmni ko'rganmisiz? - Ha, dushanba kuni ko'rdim.
• She has bought a new car. She bought it in May. — U yangi mashina sotib olibdi. May oyida olgan ekan.
• We have moved house. We moved two weeks ago. — Biz ko'chib o'tdik. Ikki hafta oldin ko'chdik.

Tugagan va tugamagan vaqt oralig'i

Vaqt oralig'i hali tugamagan bo'lsa Present Perfect ishlatiladi: this week, today, this year. Agar oraliq tugagan bo'lsa Past Simple keladi: last week, yesterday, in 2019. Shuning uchun I have seen him this morning gapi ertalab hali davom etayotganda to'g'ri, kechqurun aytilsa esa I saw him this morning bo'ladi.

• I have read two books this month. — Bu oy ikkita kitob o'qidim - oy hali tugamagan.
• I read two books last month. — O'tgan oy ikkita kitob o'qidim.
• She hasn't called me today. — U bugun menga qo'ng'iroq qilmadi.
• She didn't call me yesterday. — U kecha menga qo'ng'iroq qilmadi.

been va gone, for va since

have been to - biror joyga borib qaytgan, hozir bu yerda. have gone to - ketgan va hali qaytmagan. Shuningdek for va since faqat Present Perfect bilan ishlatiladi: I have lived here for five years. Agar ago ishlatilsa, gap albatta Past Simple bo'ladi: I moved here five years ago. Bu ikki gap bir xil ma'noni beradi, lekin tuzilishi boshqacha.

• She has been to China twice. — U Xitoyda ikki marta bo'lgan.
• She has gone to China for work. — U ish uchun Xitoyga ketgan - hozir o'sha yerda.
• I have worked here for three years. — Bu yerda uch yildan beri ishlayman.
• I started this job three years ago. — Bu ishni uch yil oldin boshlaganman.

Ko'p uchraydigan xatolar

• I have seen him yesterday.

  I saw him yesterday.

  yesterday aniq o'tgan vaqt, u bilan Present Perfect ishlatilmaydi.

• When have you finished the book?

  When did you finish the book?

  When savoli aniq vaqtni so'raydi, shuning uchun Past Simple kerak.

• I live here since 2018.

  I have lived here since 2018.

  since bilan Present Perfect ishlatiladi, hozirgi zamon emas.

• She has gone to Paris last year.

  She went to Paris last year.

  last year bilan Past Simple, gone shakli esa bu yerda mos emas.

Maslahatlar

• Gapda aniq o'tgan vaqt bormi? Ha bo'lsa - Past Simple.
• just, already, yet, ever, never, for, since - Present Perfect belgilari.
• When bilan boshlanadigan savol deyarli doim Past Simple bo'ladi.
• ago va since hech qachon bitta gapda birga kelmaydi.

Mashqlar