Impersonal passive

Qachon ishlatiladi

• Yangiliklar matnida manbasi noaniq xabarni berganda

  The minister is said to have resigned after a long meeting with the president.

  Vazir prezident bilan uzoq uchrashuvdan keyin iste'foga chiqqani aytilmoqda.

• Ilmiy maqolada umumiy qabul qilingan fikrni keltirganda

  It is widely believed that early bilingualism improves cognitive flexibility.

  Erta ikki tillilik tafakkur moslashuvchanligini yaxshilashi keng e'tirof etiladi.

• Sud va tergov xabarlarida ayblovni ehtiyotkor bildirganda

  The suspect is alleged to have transferred large sums abroad.

  Gumonlanuvchi katta miqdordagi mablag'ni chet elga o'tkazganlikda ayblanmoqda.

• Tarixiy yoki turistik tavsifda aniq ma'lumot bo'lmaganda

  The mosque is thought to have been built in the fifteenth century.

  Masjid o'n beshinchi asrda qurilgan deb taxmin qilinadi.

• Biznes tahlilida bozor kutilmalarini bayon qilganda

  Prices are expected to fall slightly in the second half of the year.

  Yilning ikkinchi yarmida narxlar biroz tushishi kutilmoqda.

Ikki xil tuzilish, bitta ma'no

Shaxssiz majhulning ikkita shakli bor. Birinchisi it bilan boshlanadi: It is believed that he is very rich. Ikkinchisida ergash gapning egasi asosiy gapga ega bo'lib chiqadi: He is believed to be very rich. Ikkala gapning ma'nosi bir xil, faqat urg'u va uslub farq qiladi. Birinchi shakl yangilik matnida, ikkinchisi esa tahliliy maqolada ko'proq uchraydi.

• It is said that the company is closing three factories. — Aytishlaricha, kompaniya uchta zavodni yopmoqda.
• The company is said to be closing three factories. — Kompaniya uchta zavodni yopayotgani aytilmoqda.
• He is thought to be the strongest candidate. — U eng kuchli nomzod deb hisoblanadi.
• It is expected that prices will rise again in autumn. — Kutilishicha, kuzda narxlar yana ko'tariladi.

Qanday o'zgartiriladi

It is said that he lives abroad gapini ikkinchi shaklga o'tkazish uchun avval ergash gapning egasini oldinga chiqaring: He. Keyin bosh gapning majhul shaklini qo'ying: is said. Oxirida qolgan fe'lni to + fe'l shakliga aylantiring: to live abroad. Zamon bir xil bo'lsa oddiy infinitiv, ergash gap oldinroqqa tegishli bo'lsa to have + V3 ishlatiladi.

• It is reported that the talks have failed. - The talks are reported to have failed. — Xabar qilinishicha, muzokaralar barbod bo'lgan. - Muzokaralar barbod bo'lgani xabar qilinmoqda.
• It was believed that the painting was a fake. - The painting was believed to be a fake. — Rasm soxta deb hisoblangan edi.
• It is known that she speaks five languages. - She is known to speak five languages. — U besh tilni bilishi ma'lum.

O'tmishga ishora: to have + V3

Agar aytilayotgan voqea xabar berilgan paytdan oldinroq sodir bo'lgan bo'lsa, to have + V3 ishlatiladi. Masalan, He is said to have left the country degan gapda ketish allaqachon bo'lib o'tgan. Davomiylikni ta'kidlash uchun to have been + V-ing shakli ham bor. Bu nozik farq yangilik va sud xabarlari uchun juda muhim.

• He is said to have left the country last month. — Uni o'tgan oyda mamlakatni tark etgan deyishadi.
• They are reported to have signed the agreement in secret. — Ular shartnomani maxfiy imzolagani xabar qilinmoqda.
• The suspect is believed to have been living abroad for years. — Gumonlanuvchi yillar davomida chet elda yashab kelgan deb hisoblanmoqda.
• The manuscript is thought to have been written in the 12th century. — Qo'lyozma 12-asrda yozilgan deb taxmin qilinadi.

Qaysi fe'llar bilan ishlaydi

Bu tuzilish fikr va axborot bildiruvchi fe'llar bilan qo'llanadi: say, think, believe, know, report, expect, consider, claim, allege, estimate, understand. Ularning ba'zilari ma'noda farq qiladi: report va allege rasmiy xabar uchun, consider va estimate baho berish uchun. seem va appear ham shunga o'xshash ma'noda ishlatiladi, lekin ular majhul shaklga o'tmaydi: He seems to be tired.

• The damage is estimated to be around two million dollars. — Zarar taxminan ikki million dollar deb baholanmoqda.
• He is alleged to have taken bribes. — U pora olganlikda ayblanmoqda.
• The talks are understood to be at a difficult stage. — Muzokaralar qiyin bosqichda ekani ma'lum qilinmoqda.
• She appears to have changed her mind. — U fikrini o'zgartirganga o'xshaydi.

Uslub: qayerda va nega ishlatiladi

Shaxssiz majhul rasmiy va neytral uslubga tegishli. Jurnalist axborotning manbasini bilmasa yoki uni ochib bera olmasa, aynan shu tuzilishdan foydalanadi. Ilmiy matnda esa u umumiy qabul qilingan fikrni bildiradi. Kundalik suhbatda odamlar buning o'rniga oddiyroq iboralarni ishlatishadi: people say, apparently, I heard that. Imtihon yozma ishida bu tuzilish uslubni ancha ko'taradi.

• It is widely believed that the policy has failed. — Siyosat samarasiz bo'lgani keng e'tirof etiladi.
• Apparently he has resigned. (suhbatda tabiiyroq) — Aftidan, u ishdan ketibdi.
• It is generally accepted that exercise improves memory. — Jismoniy mashq xotirani yaxshilashi umumiy qabul qilingan.

Ko'p uchraydigan xatolar

• He is said that he is rich.

  He is said to be rich. / It is said that he is rich.

  Ikki tuzilishni aralashtirmang: ega bilan to + fe'l, it bilan that + gap.

• She is said to has left the office.

  She is said to have left the office.

  to dan keyin fe'l asl shaklda qoladi: to have.

• Is said that prices will rise.

  It is said that prices will rise.

  Ingliz tilida ega shart, shuning uchun rasmiy it tushirib qoldirilmaydi.

• He is believed living abroad.

  He is believed to be living abroad.

  Bu tuzilishda V-ing emas, to be + V-ing shakli ishlatiladi.

Maslahatlar

• Ikki shaklni bog'lang: It is said that he ... = He is said to ...
• Voqea oldinroq bo'lsa to have + V3, bir vaqtda bo'lsa oddiy to + fe'l.
• Bu tuzilish yangilik va ilmiy matnda ko'p uchraydi - inshoda ishlatsangiz uslub ko'tariladi.
• seem va appear majhulga o'tmaydi: He seems to be busy, is seemed emas.

Mashqlar