Hedging and tentative language

Qachon ishlatiladi

• Ilmiy maqolaning muhokama qismida natijani ehtiyotkorlik bilan izohlaganda

  These results may reflect a wider trend, although further research is required.

  Bu natijalar kengroq tendensiyani aks ettirishi mumkin, biroq qo'shimcha tadqiqot talab etiladi.

• Ish yig'ilishida rahbar yoki hamkasbning fikriga xushmuomala e'tiroz bildirganda

  I am not entirely sure that this is the right moment for such a change.

  Bunday o'zgarish uchun ayni payt to'g'ri kelishiga unchalik ishonchim komil emas.

• Hamkasbning qoralamasiga yozma fikr-mulohaza berganda

  You might want to reconsider the way the second section is framed.

  Ikkinchi bo'lim qanday tuzilganini qayta ko'rib chiqsangiz yaxshi bo'lardi.

• Jurnalistik matnda tasdiqlanmagan ma'lumotni bergan joyda

  It would appear that the company knew about the defect months earlier.

  Ko'rinishidan, kompaniya nuqson haqida bir necha oy oldin bilgan.

• Mijozga yozilgan xatda yoqimsiz xabarni yumshatganda

  I am afraid the delivery is likely to be delayed by a few days.

  Afsuski, yetkazib berish bir necha kunga kechikishi ehtimoli bor.

Nima uchun ehtiyotkor ifoda kerak

Ilmiy matnda mutlaq da'vo kamdan-kam o'rinli bo'ladi, chunki har qanday tadqiqotning namunasi cheklangan va sharoiti o'ziga xos. Shuning uchun muallif xulosani shunday ifodalaydiki, keyingi tadqiqot uni rad etsa ham, aytilgan gap noto'g'ri bo'lib qolmaydi. Bu qo'rqoqlik emas, aksincha, ilmiy madaniyat talabi. Ikkinchi vazifasi ijtimoiy: hedging orqali muallif boshqa tadqiqotchilarni tanqid qilganda ham hurmatni saqlaydi va bahsga joy qoldiradi.

• These findings may indicate a wider structural problem. — Bu natijalar kengroq tizimli muammodan darak berishi mumkin.
• The effect appears to weaken as the sample size increases. — Namuna hajmi oshgan sari ta'sir susayganday ko'rinadi.
• The author's interpretation is, in our view, somewhat optimistic. — Muallifning talqini, bizningcha, biroz optimistik.
• There is some evidence to suggest that the trend is reversing. — Tendensiya teskari tomonga o'zgarayotganini ko'rsatuvchi ba'zi dalillar bor.

Modal fe'llar va ishonch shkalasi

Hedging ning eng oddiy vositasi - modal fe'llar. Ular ishonch darajasini aniq bosqichlarga bo'ladi: will va must eng kuchli, should va is likely to o'rtacha, may, might va could esa eng ehtiyotkor. Bir gapda bir necha modal to'plab qo'yilmaydi, chunki ma'no yo'qoladi. Teskari tomonda booster deb ataladigan kuchaytiruvchi so'zlar turadi: clearly, undoubtedly, certainly. Yaxshi akademik matn bu ikki qutb orasida muvozanat saqlaydi: dalil kuchli bo'lganda ishonch, zaif bo'lganda ehtiyotkorlik.

• Costs are likely to rise further in the second quarter. — Xarajatlar ikkinchi chorakda yana oshishi ehtimoldan yiroq emas.
• There must be another explanation for this discrepancy. — Bu nomuvofiqlikning boshqa izohi bo'lishi kerak.
• It is conceivable that the correlation is entirely spurious. — Korrelyatsiya butunlay soxta bo'lishi ehtimoldan xoli emas.
• The mechanism could, in principle, operate in reverse. — Mexanizm, nazariy jihatdan, teskari tomonga ham ishlashi mumkin.

Leksik vositalar: fe'l, ravish va sifatlar

Modal fe'llardan tashqari ehtiyotkorlikni so'z tanlovi ham beradi. Fe'llar: seem, appear, tend to, suggest, indicate, point to, imply. Bu fe'llar prove, show, demonstrate dan ancha yumshoqroq. Ravishlar: possibly, presumably, apparently, arguably, broadly, relatively, somewhat, largely, to some extent. Sifatlar: likely, probable, questionable, apparent, potential. Muhim nozik jihat: suggest va indicate bilan tadqiqot xulosa chiqarayotgani bildiriladi, prove esa masala yopilganini anglatadi va ilmiy matnda deyarli ishlatilmaydi.

• The data suggest, rather than prove, a causal relationship. — Ma'lumotlar sababiy bog'liqlikni isbotlamaydi, balki unga ishora qiladi.
• Participants were slightly more likely to choose the first option. — Ishtirokchilar birinchi variantni tanlashga biroz ko'proq moyil edi.
• The discrepancy is apparently the result of a coding error. — Nomuvofiqlik, ko'rinishidan, kodlashdagi xatoning natijasi.
• The model is broadly consistent with the observed pattern. — Model kuzatilgan qonuniyatga umuman olganda mos keladi.

Shaxssiz qoliplar va miqdorni yumshatish

Akademik uslubda muallif o'zini oldinga chiqarmaslik uchun shaxssiz qoliplarni ishlatadi: It is widely assumed that ..., It would appear that ..., It has been argued that ..., There is some evidence to suggest that ... Bu qoliplar fikrni ham yumshatadi, ham uni umumiy ilmiy muhokamaga bog'laydi. Miqdorni ham yumshatish mumkin: all o'rniga most yoki many, always o'rniga generally yoki in most cases, never o'rniga rarely. Aniq raqam noma'lum bo'lsa, approximately, around, up to, in the region of ishlatiladi.

• It is widely assumed that the model underestimates long-term risk. — Model uzoq muddatli xavfni kam baholaydi deb keng taxmin qilinadi.
• It would appear that the two events are unrelated. — Ko'rinishidan, bu ikki voqea o'zaro bog'liq emas.
• In most cases, symptoms subside within a fortnight. — Ko'p hollarda alomatlar ikki hafta ichida yo'qoladi.
• Around a third of respondents gave no answer at all. — Respondentlarning taxminan uchdan biri umuman javob bermadi.

Suhbatda xushmuomalalik va diplomatiya

Og'zaki nutqda hedging boshqa maqsadga xizmat qiladi: keskinlikni kamaytirish va qarshi tomonga yuz bermaslik. Rozi bo'lmaganda to'g'ridan-to'g'ri I disagree emas, I am not sure I entirely agree yoki I tend to disagree deyiladi. Maslahat berganda might want to yumshoqroq: You might want to check the figures again. Iltimos yoki tanqidni ham yumshatish mumkin: a little, slightly, not quite, I wonder if ... Bu shakllar ish muhitida, xususan yozishmalarda, professional ohang yaratadi.

• I am not sure I would go quite that far. — Men unchalik uzoqqa borishimga ishonchim komil emas.
• You might want to double-check the figures before sending it. — Yuborishdan oldin raqamlarni yana bir bor tekshirib ko'rsangiz yaxshi bo'lardi.
• The report is not quite what we had in mind. — Hisobot biz o'ylagandek chiqmabdi.
• I wonder if it might be worth postponing the launch. — Ishga tushirishni kechiktirish ma'qul bo'larmikan, deb o'ylayman.

Muvozanat: qachon yumshatmaslik kerak

Hedging ham me'yorni talab qiladi. Bir gapga ikki-uch yumshatuvchi to'planib qolsa (It may possibly be somewhat likely that ...), matn ishonchsiz va kulgili bo'ladi. Usul bo'limida, ko'rsatmalarda va bahssiz faktlarni bayon qilishda umuman yumshatilmaydi: Samples were stored at 4 degrees. Xulosa qismida esa da'voni dalil kuchiga qarab o'lchash kerak: kuchli dalil bor joyda ortiqcha ehtiyotkorlik ishni zaiflashtiradi. Shuning uchun har bir yumshatuvchi so'zdan oldin o'zingizdan so'rang: bu dalilim qanchalik kuchli?

• Over-hedged: It may possibly be somewhat likely that costs could rise. — Ortiqcha yumshatilgan: Xarajatlar oshishi ehtimoli biroz bo'lishi mumkinday.
• Better: Costs are likely to rise. — Yaxshiroq: Xarajatlar oshishi ehtimoli yuqori.
• No hedging needed: All samples were stored at four degrees Celsius. — Yumshatish kerak emas: Barcha namunalar to'rt daraja Selsiyda saqlandi.
• Strong evidence, confident claim: The intervention halved infection rates. — Kuchli dalil, qat'iy da'vo: Aralashuv infeksiya darajasini ikki baravar kamaytirdi.

Ko'p uchraydigan xatolar

• This experiment proves that the theory is correct.

  These results suggest that the theory holds under these conditions.

  prove ilmiy matnda deyarli ishlatilmaydi: bitta tajriba nazariyani isbotlamaydi, faqat qo'llab-quvvatlaydi.

• It may possibly might be caused by temperature.

  It may be caused by temperature.

  Bir gapda bitta yumshatuvchi yetarli; modal va ravishlarni to'plash ma'noni emas, ishonchni yo'qotadi.

• It seems to be that the results are unreliable.

  It seems that the results are unreliable.

  It seems dan keyin to'g'ridan-to'g'ri that-gap keladi; to be faqat ot yoki sifat bilan ishlatiladi (It seems unreliable).

• All studies show that the drug is safe.

  Most studies to date suggest that the drug is safe.

  all va always kabi mutlaq miqdorlar bitta istisno bilan rad etiladi; most, many, generally esa da'voni himoyalaydi.

Maslahatlar

• Yumshatishning bir necha turi bor: modal (may), leksik (appear), miqdoriy (most) - bir gapda faqat bittasini tanlang.
• prove, always, never, all so'zlarini akademik matnda ehtiyot bilan ishlating; ular deyarli har doim ortiqcha kuchli.
• Tanqid qilganda yumshating, faktni bayon qilganda esa yumshatmang - usul va natija bo'limlari aniq tilda yoziladi.
• Suhbatda rozi bo'lmaslikni I tend to disagree yoki I am not sure I agree bilan boshlang - bu ohangni professional saqlaydi.

Mashqlar