Nominalisation

Qachon ishlatiladi

• Ilmiy maqolaning annotatsiyasida natijani zich ifodalaganda

  The introduction of the new protocol led to a marked reduction in infection rates.

  Yangi protokolning joriy etilishi infeksiya darajasining sezilarli kamayishiga olib keldi.

• Biznes hisoboti yoki taqdimot slaydida ustuvor vazifani bayon qilganda

  The expansion of our regional network remains the main priority for next year.

  Hududiy tarmog'imizni kengaytirish kelgusi yilning asosiy ustuvor vazifasi bo'lib qolmoqda.

• Yangiliklar maqolasining birinchi jumlasida voqeani qisqa bergan joyda

  The resignation of the chief executive followed months of pressure from investors.

  Bosh direktorning iste'fosi investorlarning bir necha oylik bosimidan keyin sodir bo'ldi.

• IELTS Writing Task 1 da grafikdagi o'zgarishni tasvirlaganda

  There was a sharp decline in car ownership between 2005 and 2015.

  2005-2015-yillar oralig'ida shaxsiy avtomobilga egalik keskin kamaydi.

• Rasmiy hujjat yoki siyosat bayonnomasida rejani e'lon qilganda

  Implementation of the reforms will begin in the next financial year.

  Islohotlarni amalga oshirish keyingi moliyaviy yilda boshlanadi.

Nominalizatsiya nima beradi

Fe'l harakatni jarayon sifatida ko'rsatadi, ot esa uni tugallangan tushunchaga aylantiradi. Shuning uchun The economy grew rapidly gapini The rapid growth of the economy shaklida yozsak, endi bu butun ibora yangi gapning egasi yoki to'ldiruvchisi bo'la oladi. Natijada bitta gapga ko'proq ma'lumot sig'adi va matn zichlashadi. Bundan tashqari nominalizatsiya bajaruvchini fonga suradi, shuning uchun matn shaxsiy emas, ob'ektiv tuyuladi - bu ilmiy uslub uchun aynan kerakli ta'sir.

• They decided quickly. -> The speed of their decision surprised everyone. — Ular tez qaror qildi. -> Ularning qarori tezligi hammani hayratda qoldirdi.
• The economy grew rapidly. -> The rapid growth of the economy fuelled inflation. — Iqtisod tez o'sdi. -> Iqtisodning tez o'sishi inflyatsiyani kuchaytirdi.
• The committee failed to act. -> The committee's failure to act was widely criticised. — Qo'mita chora ko'rmadi. -> Qo'mitaning chora ko'rmagani keng tanqid qilindi.
• Prices rose sharply. -> The sharp rise in prices affected low-income households. — Narxlar keskin oshdi. -> Narxlarning keskin oshishi kam ta'minlangan oilalarga ta'sir qildi.

Asosiy qo'shimchalar

Ingliz tilida ot yasovchi qo'shimchalar ko'p va ularning tanlovi ko'pincha so'zning kelib chiqishiga bog'liq, shuning uchun ularni juftlik holida yodlagan ma'qul. Ba'zi so'zlar esa umuman o'zgarmaydi: increase, decrease, rise, fall, change, impact bir xil shaklda ham fe'l, ham ot bo'la oladi. Ayrim fe'llardan ikki xil ot yasaladi va ma'nolari farq qiladi: employ dan employment (bandlik) va employee (xodim); refuse dan refusal (rad etish), analyse dan analysis (tahlil).

• The implementation of the reform began in January. — Islohotning amalga oshirilishi yanvarda boshlandi.
• Her insistence on full disclosure delayed the deal. — Uning to'liq oshkoralikda turib olgani bitimni kechiktirdi.
• The ability of the system to recover was never tested. — Tizimning tiklanish qobiliyati hech qachon sinalmagan.
• There was a marked increase in applications this year. — Bu yil arizalar sonida sezilarli o'sish bo'ldi.

Gapni qayta qurish mexanikasi

Fe'l otga aylanganda gapning qolgan bo'laklari ham o'z shaklini o'zgartiradi. Bajaruvchi egalik shakliga yoki by bilan keladi: the government decided -> the government's decision / the decision by the government. Ob'ekt esa odatda of predlogi bilan bog'lanadi: they analysed the data -> the analysis of the data. Qo'shimcha sifatga aylanadi: grew rapidly -> rapid growth, responded quickly -> a quick response. Predlog tanlovi barqaror: an increase in prices, a decline in demand, an impact on health, a solution to the problem.

• The bank raised rates sharply. -> The bank's sharp rise in rates alarmed borrowers. — Bank stavkalarni keskin oshirdi. -> Bankning stavkalarni keskin oshirishi qarz oluvchilarni tashvishga soldi.
• Scientists discovered the gene in 2003. -> The discovery of the gene in 2003 changed the field. — Olimlar genni 2003-yilda kashf etdi. -> Genning 2003-yilda kashf etilishi sohani o'zgartirdi.
• Demand declined steadily. -> a steady decline in demand — Talab barqaror pasaydi. -> talabning barqaror pasayishi
• The policy affected rural areas. -> the impact of the policy on rural areas — Siyosat qishloq hududlariga ta'sir qildi. -> siyosatning qishloq hududlariga ta'siri

Otlar bilan keladigan fe'llar (light verbs)

Nominalizatsiya deyarli har doim yordamchi ma'noli fe'l bilan birga ishlatiladi va bu birikmalar barqaror: make a decision, take a decision (BrE), carry out an analysis, conduct a survey, reach a conclusion, pose a threat, raise a question, give consideration to, undergo a transformation, draw a distinction. Noto'g'ri fe'l tanlash - C1 darajadagi yozuvda eng seziladigan xatolardan biri: do a decision yoki make an analysis deyilmaydi. Bu birikmalarni lug'at bilan emas, kontekstdagi namunalar bilan o'rganish samaraliroq.

• The team carried out a detailed analysis of the samples. — Jamoa namunalarning batafsil tahlilini o'tkazdi.
• The proposal poses a serious threat to press freedom. — Taklif matbuot erkinligiga jiddiy xavf tug'diradi.
• The study draws a clear distinction between correlation and causation. — Tadqiqot korrelyatsiya va sababiyat o'rtasida aniq farq qo'yadi.
• The authors reach the conclusion that the effect is temporary. — Mualliflar ta'sir vaqtinchalik degan xulosaga kelishadi.

Matnni bog'lash vositasi sifatida

Akademik matnda nominalizatsiya yana bir vazifani bajaradi: oldingi gapda aytilgan butun fikrni bitta otga yig'ib, keyingi gapning egasi qiladi. Buning uchun this, such, these ko'rsatkichlari bilan umumlashtiruvchi otlar ishlatiladi: this finding, such a development, these assumptions, this approach, this tendency. Shu yo'l bilan paragraf bo'g'inlari bir-biriga ulanadi va o'quvchi fikr oqimini yo'qotmaydi. Bu usul IELTS va akademik insho uchun juda qadrli, chunki u bog'lovchilarni takrorlamasdan izchillik beradi.

• Emissions fell for three years. This decline, however, proved temporary. — Chiqindilar uch yil davomida kamaydi. Biroq bu pasayish vaqtinchalik bo'lib chiqdi.
• Several banks collapsed. Such a development had not been anticipated. — Bir necha bank barbod bo'ldi. Bunday voqea kutilmagan edi.
• The model assumes constant demand. This assumption is rarely realistic. — Model doimiy talabni nazarda tutadi. Bu taxmin kamdan-kam hollarda haqiqatga mos keladi.
• Applications doubled in a year. The reasons for this increase remain unclear. — Arizalar bir yilda ikki barobar oshdi. Bu o'sishning sabablari noma'lumligicha qolmoqda.

Xavflar: qachon ishlatmaslik kerak

Nominalizatsiya haddan oshib ketsa, matn og'ir, sovuq va tushunarsiz bo'ladi: The implementation of the reduction of the utilisation of resources kabi zanjirlar o'qishni to'xtatadi. Ikkinchi xavf - javobgarlikning yo'qolishi: The cancellation of the programme gapida kim bekor qilgani ko'rinmaydi, shuning uchun jurnalistikada va hisobotda bu ba'zan ataylab ishlatiladi. Uchinchisi - fe'lning tirikligi yo'qoladi. Shuning uchun qoida oddiy: bir gapda ikkitadan ortiq nominalizatsiya bo'lmasin, muhim harakat esa fe'l bo'lib qolsin.

• Heavy: The implementation of the reduction of staff numbers began. — Og'ir: Xodimlar sonini qisqartirishni amalga oshirish boshlandi.
• Better: The company began cutting staff numbers. — Yaxshiroq: Kompaniya xodimlar sonini qisqartira boshladi.
• Vague: The cancellation of the programme was announced. — Noaniq: Dasturning bekor qilingani e'lon qilindi.
• Clear: The ministry announced that it was cancelling the programme. — Aniq: Vazirlik dasturni bekor qilayotganini e'lon qildi.

Ko'p uchraydigan xatolar

• The develop of the region was very slow.

  The development of the region was very slow.

  Artikl yoki egalikdan keyin ot kerak; fe'lning asl shakli bu o'rinda tura olmaydi.

• The analysis of the samples were inconclusive.

  The analysis of the samples was inconclusive.

  Fe'l bosh ot (analysis) bilan moslashadi, of dan keyingi ko'plik ot bilan emas.

• The board did a decision at the last meeting.

  The board took a decision at the last meeting.

  Nominalizatsiya barqaror birikma talab qiladi: take / make a decision, carry out an analysis - do bu yerda ishlamaydi.

• There was a sharp increase of prices last year.

  There was a sharp increase in prices last year.

  increase, decline, rise, fall otlari in predlogi bilan keladi; of esa miqdor ko'rsatilganda ishlatiladi (an increase of 5 per cent).

Maslahatlar

• Qo'shimchani otga qo'shib bo'lmaydi: quickly improvement emas, rapid improvement - ot faqat sifat bilan aniqlanadi.
• Har bir nominalizatsiyani o'z predlogi bilan yodlang: solution to, impact on, increase in, reason for, attitude towards.
• Bir gapda ikkitadan ortiq nominalizatsiya yig'ilsa, bittasini yana fe'lga qaytaring - matn darrov ravshanlashadi.
• Og'zaki nutqda, do'stona xatda va tushuntirish kerak bo'lgan joyda fe'lli variant afzal: We decided ..., The development of our decision ... emas.

Mashqlar