Inversion

Qachon ishlatiladi

• Ilmiy maqolaning kirish qismida masala kam o'rganilganini ta'kidlaganda

  Rarely has the long-term impact of these policies been examined in detail.

  Bu siyosatlarning uzoq muddatli ta'siri kamdan-kam hollarda batafsil o'rganilgan.

• Yangiliklar maqolasida voqeaning misli ko'rilmaganini ko'rsatganda

  Not only did the storm cut off power, but it also destroyed the main bridge.

  Bo'ron nafaqat elektrni uzdi, balki asosiy ko'prikni ham vayron qildi.

• Rasmiy shartnoma yoki ichki qoidalar matnida qat'iy taqiqni yozganda

  Under no circumstances may confidential files be removed from the premises.

  Maxfiy hujjatlar hech qanday holatda bino tashqarisiga olib chiqilmasligi kerak.

• Mijozga yozilgan rasmiy xatda shartni xushmuomala bildirganda

  Should you require any further information, please do not hesitate to contact us.

  Qo'shimcha ma'lumot kerak bo'lsa, biz bilan bemalol bog'laning.

• Adabiy matnda voqealar ketma-ketligini keskin qilib bergan joyda

  No sooner had the door closed than the whole room fell silent.

  Eshik yopilishi bilanoq butun xona jimib qoldi.

Inversiya nima va nima uchun kerak

Oddiy ingliz gapida tartib qat'iy: ega, keyin fe'l. Inversiyada esa yordamchi fe'l egadan oldinga chiqadi va gap savol shaklini oladi, lekin bu savol emas. Bunday tuzilish ma'noni o'zgartirmaydi, faqat urg'uni kuchaytiradi va uslubni rasmiylashtiradi. Shuning uchun uni akademik maqolalarda, gazeta tahlillarida, adabiy matnlarda va rasmiy nutqlarda uchratasiz. Kundalik suhbatda esa neytral variant tabiiyroq eshitiladi.

• Never in its history has the institution faced such scrutiny. — Muassasa o'z tarixida hech qachon bunchalik qattiq tekshiruvga duch kelmagan.
• Rarely does a single study overturn decades of consensus. — Bitta tadqiqot o'nlab yillik umumiy fikrni kamdan-kam ag'daradi.
• Little did the investors realise how fragile the market was. — Investorlar bozor qanchalik nozik ekanini sira tasavvur qilmasdi.
• Seldom has a verdict provoked so much public debate. — Hukm kamdan-kam hollarda bunchalik katta jamoatchilik bahsiga sabab bo'lgan.

Inversiyani chaqiradigan salbiy va cheklovchi iboralar

Inversiya faqat ma'lum bir guruh iboralar gap boshiga chiqqanda yuz beradi. Bular salbiy ma'noli so'zlar (never, rarely, seldom, little, at no time, on no account, under no circumstances, nowhere) va cheklov bildiruvchi iboralar (only then, only after, only if, not until, not only ... but also). Hardly / scarcely / barely ... when va no sooner ... than juftliklari esa barqaror tuzilish bo'lib, ikkinchi qismi qat'iy belgilangan. Yordamchi fe'l bo'lmasa, do / does / did qo'shiladi.

• Not only did the report understate the risk, but it also omitted key data. — Hisobot nafaqat xavfni kamaytirib ko'rsatdi, balki muhim ma'lumotlarni ham tashlab ketdi.
• Under no circumstances may this material be reproduced without permission. — Bu material hech qanday holatda ruxsatsiz ko'paytirilmasligi kerak.
• No sooner had the results been released than the shares collapsed. — Natijalar e'lon qilinishi bilanoq aksiyalar qulab tushdi.
• Not until the second interview did the candidate mention the conflict of interest. — Nomzod manfaatlar to'qnashuvini faqat ikkinchi suhbatdagina tilga oldi.
• Only after a long inquiry was the decision finally reversed. — Uzoq tergovdan keyingina qaror nihoyat bekor qilindi.

Shart gaplarda if tushirilishi

Rasmiy uslubda if bog'lovchisi tushirilib, uning o'rniga had, were yoki should oldinga chiqadi. Had I known - if I had known; Were she here - if she were here; Should you need - if you need. Bu uslub shartnomalar, rasmiy xatlar va ilmiy matnlarda juda keng tarqalgan. Inkor shakli qisqartirilmaydi: Had it not been for ... deymiz, Hadn't it been for ... demaymiz. Were to konstruksiyasi esa ehtimoli past farazni bildiradi.

• Had the warning been heeded, the accident could have been avoided. — Ogohlantirishga quloq solinganda, halokatning oldini olsa bo'lardi.
• Were the committee to reject the proposal, the project would stall. — Qo'mita taklifni rad etsa, loyiha to'xtab qolardi.
• Should any discrepancy arise, please notify the auditor immediately. — Qandaydir nomuvofiqlik yuzaga kelsa, darhol auditorni xabardor qiling.
• Had it not been for her testimony, the case would have collapsed. — Uning guvohligi bo'lmaganida, ish barbod bo'lardi.

so / such va joy holi bilan inversiya

So + sifat va such + ot gap boshiga chiqsa ham inversiya bo'ladi: So great was the pressure that ... / Such was the outcry that ... Bu adabiy va ritorik uslubga xos. Joy yoki yo'nalish holi gap boshiga chiqqanda esa boshqa tur inversiya ishlaydi: yordamchi emas, asosiy fe'lning o'zi egadan oldinga o'tadi - In the corner stood an old clock. Lekin ega olmosh bo'lsa, bu inversiya bekor bo'ladi: Here he comes, Here comes the bus emas deb aytolmaymiz - olmosh bilan Here he comes to'g'ri.

• So persuasive was the evidence that the defence withdrew its objection. — Dalillar shu qadar ishonarli ediki, himoya o'z e'tirozini qaytarib oldi.
• Such was the scale of the crisis that emergency powers were invoked. — Inqiroz shu qadar keng ko'lamli ediki, favqulodda vakolatlar joriy etildi.
• In the archive lay documents nobody had opened for fifty years. — Arxivda ellik yildan beri hech kim ochmagan hujjatlar yotardi.
• Along the riverbank stretched rows of abandoned factories. — Daryo bo'yi bo'ylab tashlandiq zavodlar qatori cho'zilib ketgandi.

Uslub: qachon ishlatish, qachon ishlatmaslik

Inversiya kuchli, lekin qimmat vosita: bir matnda ikki-uch marta ishlatilsa ta'sirli, har paragrafda takrorlansa sun'iy va bo'rttirilgan tuyuladi. Rasmiy insho, taqriz, argumentli maqola va rasmiy taqdimotda o'rinli. Kundalik suhbatda, do'stona xatda yoki oddiy hisobotda esa neytral tartib afzal. IELTS yoki CAE yozma qismida bitta aniq ishlatilgan inversiya baholovchiga ko'proq ta'sir qiladi, nogahon xato bilan qilingan beshtasidan ko'ra.

• Neutral: The government has rarely intervened so directly. — Neytral: Hukumat kamdan-kam bunchalik to'g'ridan-to'g'ri aralashgan.
• Emphatic: Rarely has the government intervened so directly. — Ta'kidli: Hukumat kamdan-kam bunchalik to'g'ridan-to'g'ri aralashgan edi.
• In everyday speech we simply say: I've never heard that before. — Kundalik nutqda oddiygina aytamiz: Men buni ilgari eshitmaganman.
• At no time did the minister deny the allegations outright. — Vazir hech qachon ayblovlarni to'g'ridan-to'g'ri rad etmadi.

Ko'p uchraydigan xatolar

• Never I have seen such chaos.

  Never have I seen such chaos.

  Salbiy ibora gap boshida bo'lsa, yordamchi (have) egadan oldinga chiqishi shart, aks holda inversiya yarim qolgan bo'ladi.

• Not only he was late, but he also forgot the file.

  Not only was he late, but he also forgot the file.

  Not only birinchi qismda inversiya talab qiladi; ikkinchi qismda esa tartib odatdagidek qoladi.

• No sooner had we sat down when the alarm rang.

  No sooner had we sat down than the alarm rang.

  No sooner har doim than bilan, hardly / scarcely / barely esa when bilan juftlashadi - bu juftliklar aralashtirilmaydi.

• Hadn't it been for his help, we would have failed.

  Had it not been for his help, we would have failed.

  if tushirilgan inversiyada inkor qisqartirilmaydi: not fe'ldan keyin, egadan keyin alohida turadi.

Maslahatlar

• Yordamchi fe'l bo'lmasa do / does / did qo'shiladi va asosiy fe'l asl shaklida qoladi: Rarely does he complain (complains emas).
• Inversiya faqat salbiy yoki cheklovchi ibora gap boshiga chiqqandagina bo'ladi; o'sha ibora gap ichida qolsa, tartib odatdagidek: He has never seen it.
• Not until, only when, only after kabi iboralarda inversiya asosiy gapda bo'ladi, ergash gapda emas: Only when the data arrived did we start.
• Og'zaki, norasmiy nutqda inversiyadan voz keching - u yerda u ko'tarinki va sun'iy eshitiladi.

Mashqlar