Cleft sentences
Ajratilgan gaplar: It is ... that / What ... is
Cleft gaplar bitta oddiy gapni ikkiga bo'lib, uning bir bo'lagini fokusga chiqaradi. Shu yo'l bilan yozma matnda ohang o'rniga tuzilish orqali urg'u beriladi.
Qachon ishlatiladi
IELTS Writing Task 2 xulosasida asosiy fikrni ajratib ko'rsatganda
What ultimately determines success is not funding but leadership.
Muvaffaqiyatni pirovardida moliya emas, rahbarlik belgilaydi.
Ilmiy maqolaning muhokama qismida oldingi talqinni tuzatganda
It is the sampling method, not the sample size, that explains the discrepancy.
Nomuvofiqlikni namuna hajmi emas, namuna olish usuli tushuntiradi.
Yangiliklar tahlilida haqiqiy sababni aniq ko'rsatganda
It was the delay in reporting, rather than the leak itself, that cost the minister his job.
Vazirni lavozimidan ayirgan narsa sizib chiqishning o'zi emas, xabar berishdagi kechikish bo'ldi.
Ish yig'ilishida jamoaga aniq talabni yetkazganda
What we need now is a realistic timeline, not another round of meetings.
Bizga hozir yana bir yig'ilishlar to'plami emas, real muddatlar jadvali kerak.
Og'zaki bahsda o'zingizga nisbatan noto'g'ri fikrni tuzatganda
It wasn't me who suggested cancelling the whole project.
Butun loyihani bekor qilishni taklif qilgan odam men emas edim.
Cleft nima uchun kerak: axborot tuzilishi
Og'zaki nutqda urg'uni ohang bilan berish mumkin, yozma matnda esa bu imkoniyat yo'q. Cleft tuzilishi ana shu bo'shliqni to'ldiradi: gap ikkiga bo'linadi va fokusdagi bo'lak alohida o'ringa chiqariladi. Natijada o'quvchi qaysi ma'lumot yangi, qaysi biri allaqachon ma'lum ekanini aniq tushunadi. Cleft ko'pincha noto'g'ri tushunchani tuzatish yoki qarama-qarshilik qo'yish uchun ishlatiladi.
- It was the editor who leaked the memo, not the intern. — Xizmat xatini muharrir sizdirgan edi, amaliyotchi emas.
- What worries economists is not inflation itself but its persistence. — Iqtisodchilarni tashvishga solayotgani inflyatsiyaning o'zi emas, uning davomiyligi.
- It is precision, rather than speed, that this method sacrifices. — Bu usul tezlikni emas, aniqlikni qurbon qiladi.
- What the data show is a steady decline over three decades. — Ma'lumotlar ko'rsatayotgan narsa - uch o'n yillik barqaror pasayish.
It-cleft: tuzilishi va qaysi bo'lakni fokusga chiqarish mumkin
It-cleft formulasi oddiy: It + is/was + fokusdagi bo'lak + that. Odam haqida gap ketsa that o'rniga who ishlatish mumkin, narsa haqida bo'lsa which ham uchraydi, lekin that universal. Fokusga ega, to'ldiruvchi, payt yoki joy holi, hatto butun predlogli ibora ham chiqishi mumkin. Fe'lning o'zini esa It-cleft fokusiga chiqarib bo'lmaydi - buning uchun What ... do is tuzilishi kerak. Zamon odatda asosiy gap zamoniga moslashadi: hozirgi uchun It is, o'tgan uchun It was.
- It was in 1989 that the border was finally opened. — Chegara nihoyat 1989-yilda ochilgan edi.
- It is the methodology, not the conclusion, that reviewers questioned. — Taqrizchilar xulosani emas, metodologiyani shubha ostiga oldi.
- It was to the regional office that the complaint was addressed. — Shikoyat aynan hududiy bo'limga yo'llangan edi.
- It was not until the audit that the discrepancy came to light. — Nomuvofiqlik faqat auditdan keyingina oshkor bo'ldi.
- It is only in extreme cases that the clause applies. — Bu band faqat favqulodda holatlardagina qo'llanadi.
| Neytral gap | It-cleft (fokus) | Wh-cleft (fokus) |
|---|---|---|
| Ali broke the window. | It was Ali who broke the window. | The one who broke the window was Ali. |
| We met in Samarkand. | It was in Samarkand that we met. | Where we met was Samarkand. |
| She wants recognition. | It is recognition that she wants. | What she wants is recognition. |
| He resigned last week. | It was last week that he resigned. | What he did last week was resign. |
| The noise annoyed me. | It was the noise that annoyed me. | What annoyed me was the noise. |
Wh-cleft (pseudo-cleft): What ... is
Wh-cleft gapni What bilan boshlab, fokusdagi bo'lakni oxirga surib qo'yadi: What I need is a clear answer. Ingliz tilida yangi ma'lumot odatda gap oxirida turadi, shuning uchun bu tuzilish tabiiy va kuchli eshitiladi. What dan keyingi fe'l deyarli har doim birlikda bo'ladi, chunki What bu yerda the thing that ma'nosini beradi. Harakatning o'ziga urg'u berish uchun What + ega + do is + fe'l qolipi ishlatiladi: What she did was resign. Fe'l bu yerda to siz ham, to bilan ham kelishi mumkin.
- What the committee objected to was the wording of clause four. — Qo'mita e'tiroz bildirgan narsa - to'rtinchi bandning ifodasi.
- What the government did was freeze all new spending. — Hukumat qilgan ish - barcha yangi xarajatlarni muzlatish bo'ldi.
- What surprised the researchers was how quickly the effect faded. — Tadqiqotchilarni hayratda qoldirgani - ta'sirning qanchalik tez so'ngani.
- What we are witnessing is a structural, not a temporary, shift. — Biz guvoh bo'layotgan narsa vaqtinchalik emas, tarkibiy o'zgarish.
Boshqa cleft turlari: All / The reason / The thing
What o'rniga All, The reason, The thing, The place, The person ham ishlatiladi va har biri o'z nozik ma'nosini beradi. All ... is cheklov ma'nosini qo'shadi: faqat shu, boshqa hech narsa emas. The reason why ... is that ... sababni rasmiy va aniq ifodalaydi; that bu yerda tushib qolmasligi ma'qul. Teskari tartib ham mumkin: fokus oldinga, What qismi keyinga - Recognition is what she wants. Bu variant og'zaki nutqda va xulosalarda ko'p uchraydi.
- All we ask is a fair hearing. — Bizning yagona talabimiz - adolatli ko'rib chiqish.
- The reason why the study was retracted is that the data were fabricated. — Tadqiqot qaytarib olinganining sababi - ma'lumotlarning uydirma ekanligi.
- The thing that struck me most was the silence of the officials. — Meni eng ko'p hayratlantirgan narsa - mansabdorlarning jimligi edi.
- A complete redesign is what the platform actually needs. — Platformaga aslida kerak bo'lgan narsa - to'liq qayta loyihalash.
Uslub va qachon ishlatmaslik kerak
Cleft tuzilishi bahsli maqola, taqriz, rasmiy taqdimot va imtihon inshosida juda foydali, chunki u muallifning pozitsiyasini aniq ko'rsatadi. Lekin bitta paragrafda ikki-uchtasi to'planib qolsa, matn sun'iy va sekin o'qiladi. Qisqa, aniq faktni oddiy aytish kerak bo'lganda neytral gap afzal: The editor leaked the memo. Cleft ni faqat qarama-qarshilik, tuzatish yoki kutilmagan fokus kerak bo'lgandagina ishlating.
- Overused: It was the rain that ruined the day, and it was the wind that made it worse. — Ortiqcha: Kunni yomg'ir buzdi, holatni esa shamol battarlashtirdi.
- Better: The rain ruined the day, and the wind made it worse. — Yaxshiroq: Yomg'ir kunni buzdi, shamol esa vaziyatni battarlashtirdi.
- It is precisely this assumption that the paper sets out to challenge. — Maqola aynan shu taxminni shubha ostiga olishni maqsad qilgan.
- What matters here is not the volume of data but its quality. — Bu yerda muhimi ma'lumot hajmi emas, uning sifati.
Ko'p uchraydigan xatolar
What I need are a few quiet days.
What I need is a few quiet days.
What-cleft dan keyingi fe'l birlikda bo'ladi, chunki What = the thing that; keyingi bo'lak ko'plik bo'lsa ham is qoladi.
It was John which called you.
It was John who called you.
Fokusda odam bo'lsa who yoki that ishlatiladi; which faqat narsa uchun.
It was not until he apologised when I forgave him.
It was not until he apologised that I forgave him.
It-cleft da ikkinchi qism har doim that bilan boshlanadi, when yoki because bilan emas.
What he did was he resigned.
What he did was resign.
What ... did was dan keyin fe'l asl shaklida (yoki to bilan) keladi, yangi ega takrorlanmaydi.
Maslahatlar
- Fokusga fe'lni chiqarmoqchi bo'lsangiz It-cleft emas, What ... do is qolipini ishlating: What she did was apologise.
- It-cleft da zamon ikki joyda mos bo'lishi kerak: It was ... that happened (o'tgan), It is ... that happens (hozirgi).
- Qarama-qarshilik qo'yayotganda cleft eng foydali: It is X, not Y, that ... qolipi fikrni keskin ajratadi.
- Oddiy, bahssiz faktni aytayotganda cleft ishlatmang - u ortiqcha og'irlik qiladi va o'qishni sekinlashtiradi.
Mashqlar
___ was the editor who leaked the memo.
It was in Vienna ___ the treaty was signed.
___ I admire most about her is her patience.
What the team needs ___ a clearer brief.
It was not ___ 1998 that the law was finally amended.
All ___ is a fair hearing.
It was his tone, not his words, ___ offended the panel.
What the government did ___ to freeze all new spending.
The reason ___ the study was retracted is that the data were fabricated.
It ___ the delay that angered customers, but the lack of information.
___ I want you to notice is the shift in tone after paragraph three.
It is only when a system fails ___ we discover its real weaknesses.