Ellipsis and substitution

Qachon ishlatiladi

• Og'zaki suhbatda suhbatdoshning fikriga qo'shilganda

  I found the first half of the talk rather slow. - So did I.

  Menimcha, ma'ruzaning birinchi yarmi ancha sust o'tdi. - Menga ham shunday tuyuldi.

• Ish elektron xatida takrorni oldini olib, ixcham yozganda

  I have read the revised contract and agree with its terms.

  Qayta ishlangan shartnomani o'qidim va uning shartlariga qo'shilaman.

• Rasmiy majlisda topshiriq bajarilganini bildirganda

  The committee asked us to revise the budget, and we did so last week.

  Qo'mita bizdan byudjetni qayta ko'rib chiqishni so'radi va biz o'tgan hafta shunday qildik.

• Ilmiy maqolada tajriba guruhlarini qisqa taqqoslaganda

  The first group received the drug, the second a placebo.

  Birinchi guruh dori oldi, ikkinchisi esa platsebo.

• Telefon suhbatida qisqa javob berganda

  Will the office be open on Monday? - I believe so.

  Ofis dushanba kuni ochiq bo'ladimi? - Shunday deb o'ylayman.

Ellipsis va substitution: ikki xil mexanizm

Ellipsisda so'z umuman yozilmaydi, chunki uni kontekstdan tiklash mumkin: She can sing and (she can) dance. Substitutionda esa so'zning o'rniga qisqa o'rinbosar qo'yiladi: I need a pen - Take this one. Ikkalasining sharti bitta: tushirilgan yoki almashtirilgan bo'lakni tinglovchi aniq tiklay olishi kerak. Agar ikki xil talqin chiqsa, qisqartirish o'rniga to'liq shakl yoziladi. Bu vositalar og'zaki nutqda ham, yozma matnda ham ishlaydi, lekin og'zaki nutqda ancha erkinroq.

• She can sing and dance, but she cannot act. — U ashula aytib, raqsga tusha oladi, lekin rol o'ynay olmaydi.
• Some delegates voted for the motion, others against it. — Ba'zi delegatlar taklifga ovoz berdi, boshqalari esa unga qarshi.
• He promised to withdraw the claim, and he did so the next day. — U da'vodan voz kechishga va'da berdi va ertasiga shunday qildi.
• The results were better than expected. — Natijalar kutilganidan yaxshiroq bo'ldi.

so, neither va nor bilan rozilik

Boshqa birovning gapiga qo'shilish uchun So + yordamchi + ega (tasdiqqa) yoki Neither / Nor + yordamchi + ega (inkorga) qolipi ishlatiladi. Yordamchi fe'l birinchi gapdagisiga mos keladi: be bilan So am I, oddiy fe'l bilan So do I, perfect bilan So have I, modal bilan So can I. Diqqat: So am I va So I am butunlay boshqa ma'no beradi - birinchisi men ham, ikkinchisi esa haqiqatan ham shunday ekan degani. Norasmiy javobda me too va me neither ham keng ishlatiladi.

• I found the lecture tedious. - So did I. — Menga ma'ruza zerikarli tuyuldi. - Menga ham.
• She has never published in English. - Neither has her supervisor. — U ingliz tilida hech nima chop etmagan. - Rahbari ham.
• The report was late, and so was the budget. — Hisobot kechikdi, byudjet ham shunday bo'ldi.
• You look tired. - So I am. I have been up since four. — Charchagandek ko'rinasiz. - Haqiqatan ham shunday. Soat to'rtdan beri uyg'oqman.

one va ones: ot o'rnini bosish

one va ones faqat sanaladigan otlar o'rnida turadi: birlikda one, ko'plikda ones. Ular aniqlovchi bilan birga kelishi odatiy: the blue one, this one, the ones on the left, a cheaper one. Sanalmaydigan otlar bilan one ishlatilmaydi - ularning o'rniga some yoki hech narsa qo'yiladi: I need some advice - I can give you some (one emas). Egalik olmoshidan keyin ham one odatda tushiriladi: This is my coat; where is yours? Shuningdek, ot allaqachon aniq bo'lsa, that of / those of rasmiy variantdir: The climate of Spain resembles that of Italy.

• These shoes are worn out; I shall have to buy new ones. — Bu tuflilar eskirgan; yangisini sotib olishim kerak bo'ladi.
• Of the two proposals, the second one is far more realistic. — Ikki taklifdan ikkinchisi ancha real.
• The climate of Spain resembles that of southern Italy. — Ispaniya iqlimi janubiy Italiya iqlimiga o'xshaydi.
• I need some information. - I can give you some. — Menga ma'lumot kerak. - Sizga bir oz bera olaman.

do, do so va yordamchi fe'l bilan qisqartirish

Fe'l va undan keyingi bo'lakni takrorlamaslik uchun do oilasidagi shakllar ishlatiladi. Oddiy yordamchi do / does / did qiyoslashda va qisqa javobda keladi: He works harder than I do. do so esa rasmiyroq va butun harakatni takrorlaydi: We were asked to sign, and we did so. Og'zaki nutqda do it va do that ko'proq eshitiladi. Modal yoki perfectdan keyin asosiy fe'l butunlay tushiriladi: I would have helped if I could (have helped). Bu qoidani bilmaslik I would have helped if I could have helped kabi og'ir takrorga olib keladi.

• She publishes far more than her colleagues do. — U hamkasblariga qaraganda ancha ko'p chop etadi.
• The court ordered him to pay, and he did so within a week. — Sud undan to'lashni talab qildi va u bir hafta ichida shunday qildi.
• I would have objected if I could. — Imkonim bo'lganida e'tiroz bildirardim.
• They said they would review the case, but they never did. — Ular ishni qayta ko'rib chiqamiz deyishdi, lekin hech qachon bunday qilishmadi.

so va not butun gap o'rnida

think, hope, believe, suppose, expect, be afraid, guess fe'llaridan keyin butun gap so bilan almashtiriladi: Is the flight delayed? - I think so. Inkor javobda ikki yo'l bor: I don't think so (think, believe, suppose, expect bilan) yoki I hope not / I am afraid not (hope, be afraid, guess bilan). if so va if not qoliplari esa shart gapni ixchamlashtiradi: Will they agree? If so, we can start on Monday. Bu qoliplar rasmiy yozishmada ham, suhbatda ham bir xil tabiiy eshitiladi.

• Is the deal still going ahead? - I believe so. — Bitim hamon kuchdami? - Shunday deb o'ylayman.
• Has the deadline been extended? - I am afraid not. — Muddat uzaytirildimi? - Afsuski, yo'q.
• The board may reject it; if so, we will appeal. — Kengash uni rad etishi mumkin; shunday bo'lsa, shikoyat qilamiz.
• Please confirm by Friday; if not, the place will be offered to someone else. — Juma kunigacha tasdiqlang; aks holda o'rin boshqa kishiga taklif qilinadi.

Og'zaki ellipsis va uslub chegaralari

Og'zaki nutqda gap boshidagi ega va yordamchi ko'pincha butunlay tushib qoladi: Seen it? (Have you seen it?), Want some tea? (Do you want some tea?), Sounds good. Bu tabiiy va to'g'ri, lekin faqat suhbat uchun: rasmiy xat, insho yoki hisobotda bunday qisqartirish savodsizlik sifatida qabul qilinadi. Yozma matnda esa boshqa tur ellipsis ishlaydi - teng bog'langan bo'laklardagi takrorni olib tashlash: The first group received the drug, the second a placebo. Qoidani eslab qoling: qisqartirish ma'noni emas, faqat takrorni yo'qotishi kerak.

• Spoken: Seen the latest figures? - Not yet. — Og'zaki: Oxirgi raqamlarni ko'rdingizmi? - Hali yo'q.
• Written: The first group received the drug, the second a placebo. — Yozma: Birinchi guruh dori oldi, ikkinchisi platsebo.
• Formal letter: I have read your report and agree with its conclusions. — Rasmiy xat: Hisobotingizni o'qidim va uning xulosalariga qo'shilaman.
• Ambiguous, so avoid: She likes him more than her friend. (than her friend does / than she likes her friend) — Ikki xil tushuniladi, shuning uchun qochish kerak: She likes him more than her friend.

Ko'p uchraydigan xatolar

• I love classical music. - So I do.

  I love classical music. - So do I.

  So do I - men ham degani; So I do esa haqiqatan ham shunday ekan ma'nosini beradi va bu yerda javob bo'la olmaydi.

• I don't eat meat. - So do I.

  I don't eat meat. - Neither do I.

  Inkor gapga qo'shilish uchun Neither yoki Nor ishlatiladi; So faqat tasdiqqa javob beradi.

• I need some advice. - I can give you one.

  I need some advice. - I can give you some.

  one faqat sanaladigan ot o'rnida turadi; advice, information, news sanalmaydi.

• Do you think it will rain? - I think it.

  Do you think it will rain? - I think so.

  think, hope, believe fe'llaridan keyin butun gap so bilan almashtiriladi, it bilan emas.

Maslahatlar

• Javobdagi yordamchini birinchi gapdan oling: be bilan So am I, perfect bilan So have I, modal bilan So could I.
• Inkor javobda ikki qolip bor: I don't think so (think, believe, suppose) va I hope not / I'm afraid not (hope, be afraid).
• one sanalmaydigan otlar bilan ishlatilmaydi; rasmiy uslubda takrorlangan ot o'rniga that of / those of qolipi ham bor.
• Og'zaki qisqartirishni (Seen it? Sounds good.) rasmiy xat yoki inshoda ishlatmang - u yerda to'liq gap talab qilinadi.

Mashqlar